Which of the following statements about sisters and brothers in late adulthood is true?

Q: Who proposed that in late adulthood The central challenge is ego integrity versus despair?

Erik Eriksons concept of ego integrity versus despair (Erikson, 1950) can be seen as an earlier version of the successful aging concept. Erikson presents eight stages of the life span covering the period of infancy to old age.

Q: What did Baltes and Staudinger define as expertise in the conduct and meaning of life?

Baltes and Staudinger define wisdom as an expertise in the conduct and meaning of life.” Their approach draws on the history of wisdom literature over the centuries and combines it with modern-day research as well as their own thinking.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis Show

Human Development
Which of the following is true about continuity in the lives of older adults?
Who proposed that in late adulthood The central challenge is ego integrity versus despair?
Which of the following did Baltes define as expertise in the conduct and meaning of life?
Which of the following is the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms?
What did Baltes and Staudinger define as expertise in the conduct and meaning of life?

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Human Development

Question	Answer
Chapter 18	Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood
according to Erikson, 8th and final stage of psychosocial development, people in late adulthood achieve a sense of integrity of self by accepting the lives they have lived and accept death or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived	ego integrity versus despair
According to Erikson, what is the virtue that solves ego integrity versus despair?	Wisdom
What is a psychosocial definition of wisdom?	Accepting the life one whose lives, without major regrets, without dwelling on should-have-dones or might-have-beens, accepting imperfection in the self, parents, children, life
What are 3 ways to measure stability or change in personality traits in late adulthood?	Average levels within a population, within individuals, rank-order comparisons
Discuss Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair.	Older adults need to evaluate and accept their lives so they can accept death
What did Erikson mean by wisdom?	Can't live with major regrets, have to accept imperfection in the self and everyone else
Summarize research about stability of personality.	Some studies find increase in positive and decrease in negative emotions, some studies found no change
How does stability of personality effect emotionality and well being in old age?	Personality is strong predictor of emotionality, negative emotions decrease with age, positive emotions increase with age, people with neurotic personalities report more negative emotions
Does personality change in old age?	Some studies say yes, some studies say no, some studies say positive emotions increase in negative emotions decrease
What special tasks and issues do older people face?	Coping with being at the end of their life span, evaluating and accepting their lives, accepting death, yielding to despair that their lives cannot be relived
adaptive thinking or behavior aimed at reducing or relieving stress that arises from harmful, threatening or challenging conditions	coping
What are the 2 theoretical approaches to the study of coping?	Adaptive defenses, cognitive-appraisal model
model of coping, proposed by Lazarus and Folkman, which holds that, on the basis of continuous appraisal of their relationship with the environment, people choose appropriate coping strategies to deal with situations that tax their normal resources	cognitive-appraisal model
in the cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy directed toward eliminating, managing or improving a stressful situation (used when a person sees a realistic chance of changing the situation)	problem-focused coping
in cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy directed toward managing emotional response to stressful situation so as to lessen physical or psychological impact (used when person concludes there is little or nothing that can be done about situation)	emotion-focused coping
model of coping where people consciously choose coping strategies on the basis of the way they perceive and analyze a situation, includes anything an individual thinks or does to try to adapt to stress	cognitive-appraisal model
According to the cognitive appraisal model, what are the 2 types of coping strategies?	Problem-focused coping, a motion-focused coping
What are the 2 types of emotion focused coping? Describe each.	Proactive-confronting or expressing one's emotions or seeking social support; passive-avoidance, denial, suppression of emotions or acceptance of the situation as it is
a loss that is not clearly defined or does not bring closure	ambiguous loss
What are 3 of the adaptive mechanisms identified by Valliant? How do they work?	Problem-focused coping-action strategies, person changes situation; proactive emotion-focused coping-change emotions strategy, person confronts own emotions; passive emotion-focused coping- change emotions strategy, person avoids or denies emotions
What is the cognitive-appraisal model of coping?	People consciously choose coping strategies on the basis of the way they perceive and analyze a situation, anything a person does to adapt to stress
What is the relationship between age and choice of coping strategies?	Older adults-more emotion focused coping, it younger adults-more problem focused coping
How do religiosity and spirituality relate to mortality risk, health and well-being in late life?	People that are more religious and go to church regularly tend to die later and have better health and well-being
What is meant by successful or optimal aging?	1) avoidance of disease or disease-related disability, 2) maintenance of high physical and cognitive functioning, 3) sustained, active engagement in social and productive activities which aids in mental health
Why is the concept of successful or optimal aging controversial?	Can burden older adults to meet standards they cannot or do not want to meet, does not pay attention to constraints that may limit lifestyle choices, turns older adults and 2 victims, demeans old age, denying importance of accepting what cannot be changed
theory of aging, proposed by Cumming and Henry, which holds that successful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawal of the older person in society	disengagement theory
theory of aging, proposed by Neugarten and others, which holds that in order to age successfully a person must remain as active as possible	Activity theory
theory of aging, described by Atchley, which holds that in order to age successfully people must maintain a balance of continuity and change in both the internal and external structures of their lives	continuity theory
Compare the disengagement theory, activity theory and continuity theory.	Disengagement-older person that withdrawals from society is happiest; activity-older person that remains as active as possible is happiest; continuity-activity is important for continuation of lifestyle, the balance is disengagement and activity theories
What is the importance of productivity in late adulthood?	Any type of regular activity that expresses or enhances some aspect of the self can contribute to successful aging
enhancing overall cognitive functioning by using stronger abilities to compensate for those that have weakened	selective optimization with compensation (SOC)
How does selective optimization with compensation help older adults deal with losses?	They can use what abilities they have left to perfect what they want and not focus on their weaker abilities, focus their efforts on meaningful activities
What strategies and resources contribute to older adults’ well being and mental health?	Adaptive defenses, problem focused coping, and motion focused coping, disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, selective optimization with compensation
pattern of retirement activity that revolves around family, home and companions	family-focused lifestyle
pattern of retirement activity allocated among family, work and leisure	balanced investment
leisure activity requiring skill, intention and commitment	serious leisure
What are current trends in late-life work and retirement?	Most people who can retire due, some older adults are working even when they can retire because they really enjoy their job, tend to be better educated and in better health
What are findings on the relationship between aging and work attitudes and skills?	Older adults who continue working typically like their work and do not find it stressful, older workers tend to do better than younger, more capable port, can use more mature judgment and experience
How can retirement affect well-being?	People who did not enjoy work tend to get depressive symptoms after retirement, people who are invested in serious leisure tend to be most satisfied, family focused lifestyle/balanced investment tend to have high satisfaction
What are 3 common lifestyle patterns after retirement?	Family-focused lifestyle, balanced investment, serious leisure
What is the economic status of older adults?	Lowest poverty rates of any age group, rely on income, earnings, pension, Social Security
What are issues concerning social security and pension plans?	With more people retiring and proportionally fewer workers to contribute to Social Security, benefits will decline but timing and severity are unknown
remaining in one's own home, with or without assistance, in later life	aging in place
What are the various kinds of living arrangements for older adults? What is their relative prevalence?	Aging in place-people that are married, living alone-women more likely, living with adult children-can be hard on family, living in institutions-becoming more common
What are the advantages and disadvantages of aging in place?	Independence, home can be adapted
What are the advantages and disadvantages of living alone?	Lonely, independent
What are the advantages and disadvantages of living with adult children?	Can burden family, more support close, proximity to caregivers
What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in institutions?	Adjusted to persons individual needs, independent or dependent, constantly near care
How do older adults handle work and retirement decisions?	Most to can retire due, some will work because they like it
How do older adults handle financial resources?	Least likely to be in poverty, use Social Security, assets, earnings, pensions
How do older adults handle living arrangements?	Age in place and with spouse as long as possible, can live alone/move in with adult children/into institutions, based on independence and care giving needs
aging adults maintain their level of social support by identifying the members of their social network who can help them and avoiding those who are not supported	social convoy theory
as remaining time become shorter, older adults choose to spend time with people and in activities that meet immediate emotional needs	socioemotional selectivity theory
How does social contact change in late life?	As they age they spend less time with others, have fewer friends but are extremely close in the relationships
What are theoretical explanations of the changes in social contact?	Social convoy theory-keeping contact with supportive people, socioemotional selectivity theory-spend time with people that meet emotional needs
What is the importance of positive social contact and social support?	Help maintain life satisfaction with the stress and trauma
What is the evidence for the relationship between social interaction and health?	Close social contact improves overall health
What are issues concerning the new multigenerational family?	See more chronic illness, physically and emotionally draining, cultural issues (individuality/autonomy), different types of living sharpshooters
How do personal relationships change in old age?	Spend less time with others and have fewer friends but are extremely close in the few remaining relationships
What is the affect of personal relationships on well-being in old age?	Important for mental/physical health, maintain life satisfaction
Compare marital satisfaction in middle and late adulthood.	More satisfying in late adulthood than middle adulthood
What are gender differences in the prevalence of widowhood?	Where men are far more likely to be widows then men
Why is divorce in late life rare?	Learn to better resolve conflicts, higher marital satisfaction
Why is remarriage beneficial in late adulthood?	Societal benefits-older remarried people are less likely to need help from the community
What are the characteristics of long-term marriages in late life?	Higher marital satisfaction, work out problems better
What impact do widowhood, divorce and remarriage have in late life?	Widowhood-depressing; divorce-rare, upsetting; remarriage-men more satisfied than women, societal benefits
What are the differences between never married and previously married singles in late life?	Never married are better adjusted than previously married singles
Why might older women who are cohabitating be at a disadvantage?	more likely to have no health insurance, lower incomes, less likely to own home, less religious, less friends and relatives living nearby
What are the strengths of gay and lesbian relationships in late life?	Strong, supportive, diverse, children (from previous marriage or adopted), substitute for traditional family, close relationship
What are the problems of gay and lesbian relationships in late life?	Strained relationship with family, discrimination in nursing home and elsewhere, lack of medical or social service and support, partner dies-dealing with healthcare providers, bereavement/inheritance issue, lack of partners social security benefit
What are special characteristics of friendships in old age?	Healthier and happier, live longer, element of choice that may be slipping away, intimacy, revolve around pleasure and leisure, immediate enjoyment, fictive kin
How do unmarried older adults and those in cohabitating and gay and lesbian relationships fare?	Unmarried do better than widows, cohabitating at large disadvantage, gay/lesbian have strong relationship but face societal issues
How does friendship change in old age?	Healthier and happier, immediate enjoyment, based on pleasure, fictive kin
How can contact and mutual aid between parents and grown children change during late adulthood?	Parent and child get along well, especially mother-daughter relationships, children provide care giving, sometimes older adults provide financial support
How can childlessness affect older people?	Influenced by gender and person's feelings about being childless, wanted to have children but didn't-depressed/lonely, didn't want to have children-not affected
What is the importance of sibling relationships in late life?	Very important, social network, provide help is needed, take care of each other, grieve at loss of sibling
What are values that great-grandparents find in their role?	Personal and family renewal, source of diversion, mark of longevity
How do older adults get along with, or without, grown children?	With-get along well, child becomes caregiver, parent can still provide financial support; without-no effect unless they were wanting a child and didn't have it, can feel lonely/depressed
How do older adults get along with siblings?	Very important, support network, generally get along well, sibling rivalry goes away with time
How do older adults adjust to great-grandparenthood?	Most enjoy the role
What is Erikson's 8th stage of psychosocial development?	Ego integrity versus despair, acceptance of one's life and impending death
According to Erikson, what is the virtue that solves ego integrity versus despair?	Wisdom
Why did Erikson say about involvement in late adulthood?	Must maintain a vital involvement in society
What happens to personality traits in late adulthood?	Remain fairly stable depending on how they are measured
What has happened rigidness in late adulthood compared to previous cohorts?	Older adults in recent cohorts seem to be less rigid in personality than previous cohorts
What happens to emotionality in old age? What can modify this pattern?	Emotionality becomes more positive, less negative; personality traits modify pattern
What did George Valliant signed predict psychosocial adjustment in late life?	Use of mature adaptive defenses
According to research on the cognitive-appraisal model, what type of coping is preferred in younger adults versus older adults?	All adults prefer problem-focused coping, older adults do more in motion-focused coping than younger adults when the situation calls for it
What is the most important source of emotion-focused coping for older adults?	Religion
What is an important new area of study for her late adulthood?	Effects of religion/spirituality on health/longevity/well-being
What does the concept of successful or optimal aging reflect?	Growing number of healthy, vital older adults
What is the dispute over the concept of successful or optimal aging?	How to define it, how to measure it, validity of the concept
What are the 2 contrasting early models of successful or optimal aging?	Disengagement theory and activity theory
What is the disagreement of the disengagement theory?	How little support, findings on activity theory are mixed
What are the refinements of the disengagement theory?	Activity theory which includes continuity theory, emphasis on productive activity
What do Baltes and his colleagues suggest that successful aging in the psychosocial and cognitive realm depend on?	Selective optimization with compensation
Describe how retirement is often a phased process.	Older adults continue to work for pay, most retire, many retired people start new careers, do part-time paid work or volunteer work
What are older adults working abilities?	Satisfied, more productive than younger, positive and negative effect on job performance, individual differences more significant than age difference
What can effect retirement more out?	Personal, economic, social resources
What are common lifestyle patterns after retirement?	Family-focused lifestyle, balanced investment, serious leisure
What is the poverty situation of older Americans?	Financial situation improved, fewer live in poverty, women/Hispanic Americans/African-Americans are most likely to be poor
Where do most elderly adults live in developed countries? In developing countries?	Developed-with spouse or live alone, developing-with children or grandchildren
Where do most older adults in industrialized nations prefer to age? Why can affect this?	Age in place, can remain if they can depend on spouse for support or someone else for help
Who is most likely to live alone in late adulthood?	Older women more likely than older men
Where do older adults in developed countries typically NOT want to live?	Do not expect to live with adult children, do not wish to live with adult children
What amount of people lives in institutions?	Developed countries-dairies, developing countries-rare, United States-4.5% are institutionalized, proportion increases with age
Who is most likely to be institutionalized?	Older women, older adults who live alone, do not take part in social activity, have poor health, have disabilities, those whose informal caregivers are overburdened
What are fast-growing alternatives to institutionalization?	Assisted-living facilities, other types of group housing
Describe relationships for older people.	Important, frequency of social contact declines in old age
Contrast the social convoy theory and the socioemotional selectivity theory.	Social convoy theory-reduction and social contact do not impair well-being, stable inner circle of social support is maintained; socioemotional selectivity theory-older people choose to spend time with people who enhance their emotional well-being
What is social interaction associated with?	Good health, life satisfaction
What is a risk factor for mortality?	Isolation
Describe marriages in late life.	More potential longevity of marriage, more men married than women, relatively satisfying
Describe the winnowing and remarrying in late adulthood.	Women tend to outlive husbands, less likely to marry again; growing proportion of men are widowed
Describe divorce and remarriage in late adulthood.	Divorce on common among older people, most older adults who have been divorced or remarried, remarriages more relaxed in late life
Who is the least likely to be lonely in late adulthood?	Never married adults
What is happening to cohabitation rates of older adults?	Increasing
Why are gays and lesbians adapting with relative ease?	Influenced by coming-out status
What is the benefit of an older adult having close friends?	Healthier and happier
Contrast the support of friends and family.	Spend more time with friends, family is main source of emotional and practical support
What happens to older parent and adult child relationships?	Frequently see or contact each other, concerned about each other, offer each other assistance
What roles do older parents play for children?	Caregivers for adult children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren
How does childlessness effect late adulthood?	Does not seem to be an important disadvantage
Describe sibling relationships in late adulthood.	Offer each other emotional support, sometimes more tangible support, sisters maintain sibling ties
What role does the great grandparent play in a child's life?	Less involved than great grandparent, most find role fulfilling

Which of the following is true about continuity in the lives of older adults?

Which of the following is true about continuity in the lives of older adults? Even after a change, people usually make choices that extend the previous direction of their lives, engaging in new activities but often with familiar domains.

Who proposed that in late adulthood The central challenge is ego integrity versus despair?

Erik Erikson's concept of ego integrity versus despair (Erikson, 1950) can be seen as an earlier version of the successful aging concept. Erikson presents eight stages of the life span covering the period of infancy to old age.

Which of the following did Baltes define as expertise in the conduct and meaning of life?

Baltes and colleagues define wisdom as expertise in the conduct and meaning of life. According to their theory, a wise person is someone who knows what is most important in life and how to get it.

Which of the following is the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms?

Conclusion. These findings indicate that social support is the strongest predictor of depressive symptomology in community-dwelling older adults, particularly when combined with positive exercise-induced mood states.

What did Baltes and Staudinger define as expertise in the conduct and meaning of life?

Baltes and Staudinger define wisdom as “an expertise in the conduct and meaning of life.” Their approach draws on the history of wisdom literature over the centuries and combines it with modern-day research as well as their own thinking.

Which of the following statements about sisters and brothers in late adulthood is true?

Human Development

Which of the following is true about continuity in the lives of older adults?

Who proposed that in late adulthood The central challenge is ego integrity versus despair?

Which of the following did Baltes define as expertise in the conduct and meaning of life?

Which of the following is the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms?

What did Baltes and Staudinger define as expertise in the conduct and meaning of life?

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