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journal article Women's Rising Employment and the Future of the Family in Industrial SocietiesPopulation and Development Review Vol. 20, No. 2 (Jun., 1994) , pp. 293-342 (50 pages) Published By: Population Council https://doi.org/10.2307/2137521 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137521 Read and download Log in through your school or library Alternate access options For independent researchers Read Online Read 100 articles/month free Subscribe to JPASS Unlimited reading + 10 downloads Purchase article $16.00 - Download now and later Abstract The author critically assesses the theoretical and empirical bases of the popular view that marriage is a declining institution in the United States and that this decline is an inevitable concomitant of the growth of women's economic independence in industrial societies. The independence hypothesis has diverted attention from the demographic impact of the substantial deterioration in men's economic position during the past 20 years. Focusing particularly on Becker's specialization and trading model of the gain to marriage, the author investigates several facets of the theory: the historical fit between the major rises in women's employment and trends in marital and fertility behavior; the extent to which the marital behavior observed in recent years matches the marital behavior predicted by the theory; and the degree to which micro-level empirical research supports the theory. The article concludes that both macro- and micro-level evidence for the theory is weak. It suggests that parental sex-role specialization puts nuclear families at risk because there is rarely more than one specialist of each type in a family. Whereas in past times children's work provided a means of maintaining economic homeostasis over the family cycle and improving the family's living levels, this becomes increasingly impractical with industrialization. A more adaptive family strategy is one where the wife works. Journal Information Founded in 1975, Population and Development Review seeks to advance knowledge of the interrelationships between population and socioeconomic development and provides a forum for discussion of related issues of public policy. Combining readability with scholarship, the journal draws on high-level social science expertise-in economics, anthropology, sociology, and political science-to offer challenging ideas, provocative analysis, and critical insights. Each issue includes a lively collection of book reviews and an archives section that brings to light historical writings with a resonance for contemporary population debate. Supplements to the journal also are available. Publisher Information The Population Council conducts research to address critical health and development issues. Our work allows couples to plan their families and chart their futures. We help people avoid HIV infection and access life-saving HIV services. And we empower girls to protect themselves and have a say in their own lives. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. "The biological nature of men and women [should be seen] not as a narrow enclosure limiting the human organism, but rather as a broad base upon which a variety of structures can be built" This statement is... b. This passage reflects the problem predominate anthropological position on sex-gender roles and biology Traditionally among the Hidatsa, women made boats. Pawnee women worked wood. Among the Mbuti "pygmies,"
women hunt. Cases such as these suggest that d. patterns of division of labor by gender are cultural generalities - not universals Among foragers d. the lack of a clear public-private dichotomy is associated with a relatively mild gender stratification Which of the following statements about the domestic-public dichotomy is true? c. it is stronger in India and Pakistan than among foragers Which of the following is not part of the patrilineal-patrilocal complex? e. reduced gender stratification In what kind of society do anthropologists most typically find forced female genital operations, intervillage raiding, female infanticide, and dowry? a. patrilineal-patrilocal The "traditional" idea that "a woman's place is in the home" a. developed among middle and upper-class Americans as industrialism spread after 1900 What do cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrate? c. the relative status for women is variable, depending on: subsistence strategy, warfare, and prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy Which of the following statements about transgender is true? c. transgender is a social category in which individuals who may or may not contrast biologically with ordinary males and females All of the following are key ideas to take away from sexual orientation except: c. the is conclusive scientific evidence that sexual orientation is genetically determined Sex differences are biological, while ______ refers to the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else. _____ refer to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes In general, the status of women is high in societies with ______ descent than those with ________ descent. ______ refers to an unequal distribution of socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom between men and women. ______ refers to a group of conditions involving a discrepancy between the external genitals (penis, vagina, etc.) and the internal genitals (testes, ovaries, etc.) Why is a focus on the nuclear family characteristic of many modern nations? b. isolation from the extended family arises from geographic mobility The nuclear family is the most common kin group in what
kinds of societies? e. patrilocal and matrilocal Which of the following statements about the nuclear family is not true? a. the nuclear family is a cultural universal What does the classification of a
descent group as either a lineage or clan indicate? a. a lineage uses demonstrated descent while a clan uses stipulated descent Like race, kinship is culturally constructed. This means c. people perceive and define kin relations differently in different cultures, although anthropologists have discovered a limited number of patterns in which people classify their kin Anthropologists are interested in kinship calculation, d. which means the system by which people in a society reckon kin relationships In any culture, kinship terminology is a classification system, a
taxonomy or typology. A taxonomy system, b. is based on how many people perceive similarities and differences in the things being classified What is another name for a person's "in laws"? A functional explanation is offered for various systems of kinship terminology. What does this suggest? c. a functional explanation attempts to correlate particular customs (e.g. kinship terms) to other features of society In a bifurcate merging kinship terminology, which of the following pairs would be called by the same
term? The family of ______ is the name of the family in which a child is raised, while the family of _____ is the name of the family established when one marries and has children. _____ refers to the postmarital residence pattern in which the married couple is expected to establish its own home. A _____ refers to a unilineal descent group whose members demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor. In ______ kinship calculation, kin ties are traced equally through males and females. In the Nuer of South Sudan unions are a symbolic and social relationship rather than a sexual
one. An example of this is when a woman marries another woman if her father has only daughters but no male heirs. The "wife" can then have sex with a man until she becomes pregnant. The resulting children are accepted as the offspring of both the female husband and the wife. Examples like this one highlight.... how kinship relationships take different meanings in different social contexts; they are socially constructed. In a bifurcate merging kinship terminology, _____ and _____ relatives are merged. How is exogamy adaptive? e. it increases the number of individuals on whom one can rely in time of need. Who are your cross cousins? a. the children of your mother's brother or your father's sister Among the Yanomami, as in societies with unilineal descent, sex with cross cousins is
proper, but sex with parallel cousins is considered incestuous. Why? a. the Yanomami consider parallel cousins to be relatives, whereas cross cousins are actual or potential affinals Most societies discourage incest because b. exgamy promotes alliances Some Polynesian communities believe in the impersonal force of mana and that having high levels of mana marks people as sacred. The practice of royal endogamy was one way of making sure that this impersonal force remained within the ruling class. What type of explanation is this? A manifest function, the explanations people give for their customs Among some Native American groups, figures known as berdaches were biological men who assumed the behavior and tasks of women. Sometimes they married men and together they would share the products of each other's labor in the same way that different-sex marriages do. This example illustrates.... How, if legal, same sex marriages could easily give each
spouse rights to the other spouse's labor and its products Which statement about divorce is not true? c. divorce is unique to industrialized nation-states Which of the following is not a form of polygamy? c. a man who marries then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, all to different women which of the following statements about marriage is
true? e. it is a cultural universal The term _____ refers to the biological father of a child, while _____ is the term anthropologists
use to identify ego's socially recognized father. ______ refers to the culturally sanctioned practice of marrying someone within a group to which one belongs, _____ is a marital exchange in which the bride's family or kin group provides substantial gifts when their daughter marries. This custom is correlated with _______ female status. When a widower marries a sister of his deceased wife, this is called a _______. The custom called _____ occurs when a widow marries a brother of her deceased husband. According to Sir Edward Tylor, the founder of the anthropology of religion, what is the sequence through which religion evolved? a. animism, polytheism, monotheism Which of the following describes the concept of mana, a sacred impersonal force existing in the universe, as was used in Polynesia and
Melanesia? c. In Malanesia, where mana was similar to the notion of luck, anyone could get it; but in Polynesia, mana was attached to political elites What is the irony when describing rites of passage? d. Beliefs and rituals can both diminish and create anxiety and a sense of insecurity and danger What is typically observed during the liminal phase of a rite of passage? b. symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior The anthropological analysis of the Hindu practice of ahimsa suggests that c. beliefs about the supernatural can function as part of a group's adaption to the environment Which of the following is true
about religion and social control? a. it is not uncommon for political leaders to use religion to justify social control In his influential book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , Max Weber argues that c. the rise of capitalism required that the traditional attitudes of Catholic peasants be replaced by the values fitting an individual economy based on capital accumulation. The syncretic religions that mix Melanesian and Christian beliefs known as cargo cults
are a. a religious response to the expansion of the world capitalist economy, often with political and economic consequences All of the following are true about religious fundamentalism except c. it is a form of animism Is American society really growing more secular? Research suggests c. levels of American religiosity haven't changed much over the last century According to Tylor, _____, a belief in spiritual beings, was the earliest form of religion. ______ magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it. The term _____ refers to an intense feeling of solidarity that characterizes collective liminality. A ____ refers to a custom or social action that operates to reduce differences in wealth and bring standouts in line with community norms. A ______ is a cultural, especially religious, mix, emerging from acculturation. Anthropologists define gender as D)the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else. Sexual dimorphism refers to B)differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breast and genitals. In foraging societies, when is gender status roughly equal? A)When the public and domestic spheres are not sharply divided. Which of the following statements regarding the domestic-public dichotomy is NOT true? D)It is most pronounced in foraging societies. What did Patricia Draper observe during her fieldwork with former Ju/'hoansi foragers who had recently become sedentary? C)Gender roles were becoming more rigidly defined Which of the following statements about gender in foraging societies is NOT true? D)The differences in gender roles among foragers are debatable.
Which of the following statements about matrilineal, matrilocal societies is NOT true? B)Matriliny and matrilocality are only found in matriarchies. Which of the following statements about Iroquois women is NOT true? A)They managed all military operations. Which of the following is not part of the patrilineal-patrilocal complex? C)reduced gender stratification Which of the following statements about gender among agriculturalists, in comparison to foragers and horticulturalists, is NOT true? C)The prevalence of polygyny is increased, which decreases women's influence in household decisions. Which of the following statements about Etoro sexuality is NOT true? D)Heterosexual intercourse took place in the residence of the wife's family. Which of the following cross-cultural generalizations about gender is NOT true? B)The overall subsistence contribution of men is greater than women. The Betsileo illustrate A)the idea that intensive agriculture does not necessarily entail sharp gender stratification. Research on gender and economic participation in the United States shows that C)changes in the economy lead to changes in attitudes about gender roles. Which of the following statements about the feminization of poverty is NOT true? B)The feminization of poverty is unique to the U.S. What is the term for the permanent social unit whose members claim a common
ancestry? What is the term for the nuclear family that is formed when one marries and has children? All of the following are features of the Bosnian zadruga except: B)it is a form of kin organization known as a descent group. The following is true about a Nayar tarawad except: A)children are not considered relatives of their biological mother. In 2007, nuclear families accounted for what percentage of American households? One of the most striking
contrasts between the United States and Brazil, the two most populous nations of the Western Hemisphere, is in the meaning and role of the family. For example, when middle-class Brazilians talk about their families, they mean their B)parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins, and children (but rarely their spouse, who has his or her own family). Which of the following terms means that people get to choose which lineage to join? All of the following are true of a descent group that is organized as a clan except E)members can recite the names of their forebears back to their apical ancestor Under which form of postmarital residence rules systems do couples move to the wife's community? Which of the following kinship terminologies typically is found in societies in which the ambilineal descent
group is the most important kin group? Under which form of postmarital residence rules systems does a couple move to a location different from either spouse's community? Which of the following kinship terminologies is commonly found in societies with neolocal postmarital residence rules? Which of the following kinship terminologies is commonly found in societies with unilocal postmarital residence
rules? Which of the following kinship terminologies is found in societies with a variety of economic systems? Among the Makua of northern Mozambique, a sister takes an interest in her brother's wife's fidelity because B)she doesn't want her brother wasting time on children who may not be his. Which of the following is your cross cousin? C)your mother's brother's son Which of the following statements about dowry is NOT true? A)Dowry exists in more cultures than bridewealth does. Which of the following is NOT cited in the textbook as evidence to refute the idea that incest horror is instinctive? C)The incest taboo in humans is identical to the incest taboo found in chimpanzee populations. What is exogamy? A)It refers to the rules that dictate marriage outside a group to which a person belongs. __________________ is the
family in which an individual is raised, and _____________ is the family an individual may later form through marriage. C)Endogamous family; exogamous family. Which of the following statements about royal incest in traditional Hawaii is NOT true? A)It functioned to downplay status differences between individuals. According to Edmund Leach, marriage can accomplish all of the following, EXCEPT B)create a universally understood and accepted social bond. Which of the following statements about berdaches is NOT true? D)Berdaches are used in the textbook as an example of one of the shortcomings of same-sex marriage. Which of the following is your parallel cousin? B)your mother's sister's son Which of the following statements about bridewealth is NOT true? D)Bridewealth is the exchange of gifts from the bride and her kin to the groom's kin. In the sororate practice, C)a widower will marry another woman from his deceased wife's descent group. Which of the following statements about divorce is NOT true? C)As the value of the dowry increases, the likelihood of divorce increases. What is serial monogamy? E)Serial monogamy is when an individual has more than one wife, but never more than one at the same time. Which of the following statements about polygyny is NOT true? B)Polygyny can play an important role in the economic standing of a household, but it has little to do with political functions. Which of the following statements about polyandry is true? C)Polyandry reduces the amount of land fragmentation between generations by limiting the number of wives and heirs. Which of the following is NOT a common social
science approach to studying religion? B)Religion is a matter of people's beliefs, not their practices. What Latin term for soul is the basis of a form of religion described by Edward Burnett Tylor? Marie keeps a small doll that resembles her on her desk. Before handing in any term paper or taking any of her final exams, she places a small paper with the letter "A"
written on it in the doll's hands. She believes that this will help her get an "A" on the test or exam. This is an example of which of the following? What is the term that describes something set apart as sacred and off-limits to ordinary people? For which kind of practice would the practitioner need to collect nails or hair from a particular person? Which of the following is NOT true about mana? D)In general, mana destabilizes hierarchical social structures. What are the formal, stylized, repetitive, and stereotypical behaviors performed at special places at
set times? All of the following are possible during the liminal phase of a rite of passage EXCEPT D)no change in lifestyle or actions occurs. Which of the following is the intense community spirit that is developed from experiencing a rite of passage together? According to Anthony F. C. Wallace, which of the following religious types is practiced by states? According to Anthony F. C. Wallace, which of the following religious types is practiced by food-producing
tribes? What are the phases involved in any rite of passage, listed in chronological order? D)separation, liminality, incorporation According to Anthony F. C. Wallace, which of the following religious types has a belief in a hierarchical pantheon with powerful deities? The movement among Iroquois Native Americans in the early 1800s, led by a man named Handsome Lake, was an example of a revitalization movement because A)it resulted from the prophet Handsome Lake's preaching to revive Iroquois social life. What are the world's three largest religions, in terms of number of adherents? B)Christianity, Islam, Hinduism The modern world system is a. a system in which ethnic groups are increasingly isolated from the economic and political influence of nation-states c. a system of global dimensions in which nations are economically and politically interdependent Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding world system theory? c. It applies mainly to non-western societies What
fueled the European "Age of Discovery"? European commercial interest in exotic raw materials, such as spices and tropical hardwoods The increasing dominance of world trade has led to c. the capitalist world economy, single world system committed to production for sale or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs Which of the following spurred the growth of a market for sugar in Europe? the development of trans-Atlantic slave trade and plantation economies in the Americas From his observation in England and his analysis of 19th century industrial
capitalism, Karl Marx saw socioeconomic stratification as a sharp division between two classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. He also argued that class consciousness comes about as a result of... people recognizing they have a common economic interest and identifying themselves as part of the group that shares that interest. This
chapter defines imperialism as the policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire, such as the British empire, over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies, while colonialism refers specifically to... the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time. The Sukuma of Tanzania were first registered as a single tribe by colonial administrators. In Rwanda and Burundi, the distribution of colonial identity cards created arbitrary ethnic divisions. These two cases.... illustrate that many ethnic groups and tribes are colonial construction, sometimes inciting and aggravating conflict. Since the fall of communism, neoliberalism, a revival of the older economic liberalism of Adam Smith, has been an influential intervention philosophy that has become a popular doctrine of powerful financial institutions. Industrialization and factory labor now characterize many societies
in Latin America, Africa, the Pacific, and Asia. One effect of the spread of industrialization has been... the destruction of indigenous economies, ecologies, and populations. _____ refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit. Weber faulted Marx for an overly simple
and exclusively economic view of stratification. According to Weber, there are 3 dimensions of social stratification. They are ______, _______, and _________. Britain used the notion of a white man's burden to justify its imperialist expansion. France claimed to be engaged in a civilizing mission in its colonies. These, together with some forms of economic development plans, illustrate an _______, in ideological justification for
outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions. The term _____ is used to describe the relations between European countries and their former colonies in the second half of the 20th century. Spelled with an uppercase C, ______ indicates a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism that originated with Russia's Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Spelled
with a lowercase c, _____ describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. Scientific measurements confirm that global warming is not due to increased solar radiation. The main reasons for climate change are anthropogenic. This means that.... they are caused by humans and
their activities All of the following are true about the greenhouse effect EXCEPT that d. any increase in the production of greenhouse gases with be solved by nature's own balancing mechanism Environmental anthropology... attempts not only to understand, but also to find solutions to environmental problems One role for today's environmental anthropologists might be to assess the extent and nature of risk perception in various groups and to harness that awareness to combat environmental degradation. Paradoxically, risk perception may be more developed in groups that are less endangered objectively Which statement about environmentalism is NOT true? a. Brazilians complain that 1st World moralists preach about global needs and saving the Amazon after having destroyed their own forests for 1st World economic growth b. it began in the 3rd world in response to the destruction of tropical forests When forces from world centers enter new societies, they are often modified to fit the local culture. Which of the following terms refers to this process? a. texting TV plays a role in allowing people to express themselves and in disseminating local cultures. True What term does Arjun Appadurai use to describe the linkages in the modern world that have both enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions? What is the term for our contemporary world in flux, with people on the move, in which established groups, boundaries, identities, contrasts, and standards are reaching out and breaking down? In Latin America, the drive of indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the following EXCEPT... their autochthony, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their communities Scientists prefer the term _____ to global warming. The former term points
out that, beyond rising temperature, there have been changes in sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects. An _____ is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions - that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society. _____ refers to changes that result when groups come into continuous, first-hand contact, ______,
however, can occur without first-hand contact. ____ refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures. With so many people "in motion" in today's world, the unit of anthropological study expands from the local community to the _______ - the offspring of an area who have spread to many lands. What was originally the primary reason for marriage in most Western cultures?The main purpose of marriage, earlier on, was to act as an alliance between families, for either economic or political reasons, or both. The marriage was arranged, more often than not, with the couple marrying having no say in the matter.
Which of the following is the definition of marriage in Notes and Queries on Anthropology?In the Notes and Queries on Anthropology (1957) marriage is defined thus: "Marriage is a union between a man and a woman such that children born to the woman are recognized legitimate off- spring of both parents." It is not surprising that Leach expresses dissatisfaction with this definition.
In which kinds of societies is divorce less common?Perhaps very surprising to Western minds, societies that practice arranged marriages have the lowest rates of divorce. This phenomenon is seen in the Hindu people of India who practice arranged marriages and have some of the lowest divorce rates in all of the world.
Which society or group of societies generally believed believed that romantic love is necessary for marriage?Industrial societies believe marriage is a matter of individuals rather than groups. Cross-culturally, romantic love is a common reason for marriage. Which of the following statements about marriage outside industrial societies is true?
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Which of the following statements about marriage outside industrial societies is true?
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