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Cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used to damage or kill cancer cells. Some of the body's normal cells, including the blood cells, may also be damaged by these treatments. Some medicines can also slow down the making of blood cells. The good news is that your body can repair damaged normal cells. Most of the side effects of cancer treatment caused by the damage to normal cells only last for a short time, until the body has had time to repair the damage. This booklet will explain about the normal cells that can be damaged that are made in the bone marrow. Bone marrowMost types of blood cells are made in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found in the center of the large bones like the pelvic bones, the breast bone, and the long leg bones. All cells made in the bone marrow start out as a single kind of cell called a stem cell. Depending on what type of cell the body needs, a stem cell can become one of three major types of blood cells, a red cell, a white cell, or a cell that makes platelets. Blood cellsRed blood cells, also called erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin that gives red blood cells their color and carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. If the number of red blood cells is low, a person may feel tired or short of breath. The white blood cells, or leukocytes, are part of the body's immune system. There are several types of white blood cells that help to prevent and fight infections. The platelets or thrombocytes are tiny particles that help the blood to clot or stop bleeding when there is an injury. If the platelets are low, a patient may bleed or bruise easily. Red blood cell count (RBC)This test counts the number of red blood cells in a single drop (a microliter) of blood. Normal ranges (vary by age and gender):
Total hemoglobin concentrationThis test measures the grams of hemoglobin in a deciliter (100 milliliters) of blood. Normal values are:
Any time that the hemoglobin level drops below 10 g/dl, a person is anemic. HematocritHematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the sample of blood. Normal values (vary by age and gender):
Erythrocyte (RBC) testsThree tests measure the size of the red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin within each cell. Why are these tests done over and above the Hb and Hct?
White blood cell count (WBC)This test measures the number of white blood cells in a drop (microliter) of blood. A low WBC count may be due to chemotherapy, a viral infection, a toxic reaction, or a process in the bone marrow that limits the body’s ability to make normal WBCs. A high WBC count may result from an infection or leukemia. A person is at an increased risk of infection if his/her WBC count drops below 1,000 cells per microliter. Normal values:
WBC differentialThis test tells the percentage of each type of white blood cell in the sample. Normal values are:
If the total neutrophil count drops below 500 cells per microliter, a serious infection can develop. Another word used for neutrophils is segmented neutrophils or "segs." Platelet countThis test measures the number of platelets in a drop (microliter) of blood. Platelet counts increase during strenuous activity, infections, cancers, and when the spleen has been removed. Platelet counts decrease just before a woman menstruates. A count below 50,000 can result in bleeding; below 5,000, patients are at risk of dangerous bleeding. Normal values:
What blood cells would the nurse expect to find elevated as the result of infection?See Figure 9.22 for an illustration of a complete blood count with differential. When there is an infection or an inflammatory process somewhere in the body, the bone marrow produces more WBCs (also called leukocytes), releasing them into the blood where they move to the site of infection or inflammation.
Which condition would the nurse monitor for in a patient who has a hemoglobin level of 20g dL?An Hb value less than 5.0 g/dL (50 g/L) can lead to heart failure and death. A value greater than 20 g/dL (200 g/L) can lead to obstruction of the capillaries as a result of hemoconcentration.
Which condition is the most common cause for Hematemesis quizlet?Conditions that most commonly cause hematemesis include: Bleeding ulcers. A peptic ulcer is an open sore in your stomach or duodenum. It's often caused by a bacterial infection, or by the regular use of NSAIDs or aspirin.
Which laboratory results would the nurse expect to find when assessing a patient with MDS?For other people, MDS might be suspected based on the results of blood tests that are done for another reason. In either case, if MDS is suspected, you will likely need tests to look at your blood and bone marrow cells to see if you have MDS or some other health condition.
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Which symptoms would the nurse expect to find in a patient who has a white blood cell count of 5000
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