What do you call a group of related words containing the subject and the verb?

I can remember when I first started reading grammar books that the language was daunting (some of it still is!).

So here’s a few terms in case you need to refresh your memory.

Active voice: with the active voice, a subject performs the action of the verb, e.g. I kicked the ball.

Adjectives: describing words, such as hot, cold, beautiful.

Adverbs: tell how, when, where and how much, e.g. slowly, fast, very.

Clause: group of related words containing a subject and verb that is a complete sentence or part of a sentence, e.g. I work in a bank.

Collective nouns: refers to a group of people or things, e.g. team, jury, staff.

Conjunctions: link words or parts of a sentence, e.g. but, so, because.

Dependent clause: also known as subordinate clause – a group of related words containing a subject and predicate. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone – they depend on the independent (main) clause to make sense, e.g. because it was raining.

Determiners: come before a noun and tell us which ones, whose and how many, e.g. three, that, my, a.

Independent clause: also known as main clause – a group of related words containing a subject and predicate, e.g. She ate dinner. An independent clause can be a complete sentence or part of a sentence.

Modify: change or add to the meaning of another word or words, e.g. beautiful modifies the word plant (beautiful plant).

Nouns: persons, places or things, e.g. cat, man, woman.

Objects: receive the action of the verb, e.g. I caught the ball.

Passive voice: the subject receives the action of the verb, rather than carrying it out, e.g. The ball (subject) was kicked.

Personal pronouns: words such as I, me, mine, you, yours, his, hers and we, used to refer to a noun previously referred to or known.

Phrase: a group of related words that acts as a unit within a sentence, but do not form a complete thought, e.g. fed up and bored.

Predicate: what the sentence says about the subject, e.g. Jack laughed heartily at the joke.

Prepositions: used before a noun or pronoun to relate them to other words, e.g. by, to, at.

Pronouns: replace a noun previously mentioned or already known, e.g. it, you, who.

Proper nouns: take initial capitals and name a specific person, place or thing, e.g. Ms Smith, Sydney, Parliament House.

Relative pronouns: used after a noun to make it clear what person or thing we are referring to, e.g. that, which, who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever.

Subject: what or who the sentence is about. The subject often, but not always, performs the action of the verb – I invited a guest. (Not so in passive sentences – A guest was invited.)

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Elements of Sentence Construction

Subjects and Predicates

Parts of speech have specific tasks to perform when they are put together in a sentence.

A noun or pronoun functions as the sentence subject when it is paired with a verb functioning as the sentence predicate.

Every sentence has a subject and predicate.

A subject can be a noun or pronoun that is partnered with an action verb.

        Example:

Sometimes a verb will express being or existence instead of action.

        Example:

Sometimes we use sentences in which a subject is not actually stated, but is, nevertheless, understood in the meaning.

        Example:

                A sentence like this gives an order or a request to someone.

Because we use such statements when we are talking directly to someone, we omit the word you.  It is understood in the sentence.  Therefore, in statements like this one, we say the subject is  

                                                    you (understood).

This kind of sentence is an imperativesentence.

A predicate is a verb that expresses the subject's action or state of being.

            Example:

Sometimes the predicate will be composed of two or three verbs that fit together - the main verb preceded by one or more auxiliary (helping) verbs.

IMPORTANT NOTE:  To be a predicate, a verb that ends in -ing must ALWAYS have a helping verb with it.  An -ing verb WITHOUT a helping verb cannot be a predicate in a sentence.

A subject and predicate may not always appear together or in the normal order, as the following examples show:

Phrases

A phrase is a group of related words that 

                1. does not express a complete thought

                2.  does not have a subject and predicate pair

One type of phrase is a prepositional phrase.

                  Examples:                         

Another kind of phrase is a verbal phrase. 

                Examples:  

Even though these phrases contain nouns (pronouns) and/or verb forms, none of the nouns/pronouns/verbs are subjects or predicates.  None of them work as a partnership.

Also, these phrases do NOT express complete thoughts.

Clauses

Words and phrases can be put together to make clauses.

A clause is a group of related words that contain a subject and predicate.

Note the difference between phrases and clauses in the following examples:

Only one of the clauses is a sentence.

Clause #1 gives a thought or an idea that is COMPLETE, that can stand by itself, independent of other words.

However, clause #2 gives an INCOMPLETE thought or idea, one that cannot stand by itself, one that needs some more words to make it whole.  The word after changes the meaning, making the thought incomplete.  After reading this clause, we are left hanging.  

These two clauses illustrate the two kinds of clauses:

            independent clauses and dependent clauses

An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject, a predicate, and a complete thought.

A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate, but does NOT express a complete thought.

Compounding Sentence Elements  

Words, phrases, and clauses may be joined to one another inside a sentence with a conjunction.

The coordinating conjunctions

WORDS

PHRASES
   

DEPENDENT CLAUSES
  

When entire independent clauses (simple sentences) are joined this way, they become compound sentences.

Avoiding Fragments

A complete sentence needs only two elements:

        a subject - predicate unit    AND    a complete thought

In other words, a simple sentence is actually the SAME thing as an independent clause.

Dependent clauses or phrases are called fragments because they are missing one or more parts needed to make a sentence.  

Therefore, they are only pieces or fragments of complete sentences. 

Look at these examples:

Avoiding Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

Sometimes two independent clauses (simple sentences) can be joined to form another kind of sentence: the compound sentence.

Two major errors can occur when constructing compound sentences.

Error #1: The Comma Splice

Writers make this error when they try to separate the two independent clauses in a compound sentence with a comma alone.

A comma is not a strong enough punctuation mark to separate the two independent clauses by itself; thus, using it causes the clauses to be spliced together.

Example of a comma splice:

This sentence can be repaired in three ways:

    1.  by adding an appropriate coordinating conjunction   

    2.  by changing the comma to a semicolon

    3.  by changing the punctuation and adding an appropriate conjunctive adverb

Error #2: The Fused Sentence

Writers make this error by joining two independent clauses into a compound sentence without using any punctuation between them.

No punctuation between the two independent clauses causes them to "fuse" into an INCORRECT compound sentence.

Example of a fused sentence:

This sentence is also repaired in three ways:

    1.  by adding a comma and an appropriate coordinating conjunction

    2.  by placing a semicolon between the two clauses

    3.  by adding the needed punctuation and an appropriate conjunctive adverb

Another way to repair a comma splice or fused sentence is to make each independent clauseinto a simple sentence.

What is a group of words called that contains either a subject or a verb but not both?

What is a group of words called that contains either a subject or a verb but not both phrase clause dependent clause independent clause?

What is called a group of words that contains the subject and the predicate and it expresses a complete thought?

What contains a subject and a verb?