The passage by al-khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following?

Questions 1-2 refer to the following information.
 Inhaltsverzeichnis Show
 
Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph Hindu rulers?
Which of the following describes a major effect of the Bantu migration?
Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000 1450 *?
 
The Discus Thrower, second century C.E.

1. The statue pictured in the photograph displays the artistic influence of which of the following civilizations?

A. Egyptian

B. Greek

C. Olmec

D. Berber

2. Which of the following artistic themes can be seen in the photograph?

A. An emphasis on realistic depiction of the human body

B. An emphasis on abstract ideas and expressions

C. An emphasis on allegory and religious themes

D. An emphasis on symbolism and political protest

Questions 3-5 refer to the following information.
Trade map of Africa, ca. fifteenth century C.E.

3. Who were the primary groups traversing the Sahara Desert to reach West Africa along the trade routes shown on the map?

A. Islamic traders

B. European traders

C. Chinese traders

D. Mongol traders

4. What was one significant effect of the Indian Ocean trade shown on the east side of the map?

A. The emigration of large numbers of Africans to southern Asia

B. The development of the Swahili language

C. The conversion of most of the coastal parts of eastern Africa to Christianity

D. The importation of gold from Arabia

5. What is the main reason that there were no significant trade routes in the central portion of the map?

A. The hostility of local tribes discouraged outsiders from entering.

B. The central part of Africa has no significant resources.

C. Linguistic barriers made trade difficult.

D. The harshness of the terrain made travel practically impossible.

Questions 6-7 refer to the following information.
"The Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls round themselves, with which they have hitherto protected themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly.
Firstly, if pressed by the temporal power, they have affirmed and maintained that the temporal power has no jurisdiction over them, but, on the contrary, that the spiritual power is above the temporal.
Secondly, if it were proposed to admonish them with the Scriptures, they objected that no one may interpret the Scriptures but the Pope.
Thirdly, if they are threatened with a council, they pretend that no one may call a council but the Pope…
…The second wall is even more tottering and weak: that they alone pretend to be considered masters of the Scriptures; although they learn nothing of them all their life. They assume authority, and juggle before us with impudent words, saying that the Pope cannot err in matters of faith, whether he be evil or good, albeit they cannot prove it by a single letter. That is why the canon law contains so many heretical and unchristian, nay unnatural, laws; but of these we need not speak now. For whereas they imagine the Holy Ghost never leaves them, however unlearned and wicked they may be, they grow bold enough to decree whatever they like. But were this true, where were the need and use of the Holy Scriptures? Let us burn them, and content ourselves with the unlearned gentlemen at Rome, in whom the Holy Ghost dwells, who, however, can dwell in pious souls only. If I had not read it, I could never have believed that the devil should have put forth such follies at Rome and find a following."
Martin Luther, Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, 1520

6. When the author of the passage above discusses the "second wall," to what is he referring?

A. The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate definition of "Holy Ghost"

B. The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate use and interpretation of biblical texts

C. The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate theological belief about the divinity of Jesus

D. The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate method of baptism

7. How is the "temporal power" mentioned in the passage best understood contextually?

A. A clerical or ecclesiastical authority

B. A legal or scholarly authority

C. A state or secular authority

D. A business or economic authority

Questions 8-10 refer to the following information.
"We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. But there is more. As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny…We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, every one should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty."
Simón de Bolívar, Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819

8. The passage is best understood in the context of which of the following political movements?

A. The fight for workers' rights in Central America

B. The fight for independence in South America

C. The fight for economic justice in the Caribbean

D. The fight for political autonomy in the Philippines

9. The author of this text expresses a belief in which of the following as requirements for a properly functioning legal system?

A. Truth and religion

B. Freedom and democracy

C. Intelligence and order

D. Morality and justice

10. Simón de Bolívar, the author of the passage, accomplished which of the following?

A. The first union of independent Latin American states

B. The first military victory of the War of 1812

C. The first military victory of the Spanish-American War

D. The first political coup by someone of mixed-race descent

Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph Hindu rulers?

Which of the following describes a major effect of the Bantu migration?

Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000 1450 *?