High status members of groups are given less freedom to deviate from norms that other group members.

MGT 340

Principles of Management

Missouri State University Springfield

- is defined as two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come

particular objectives. - Groups can be either formal or informal.

those defined by the org’s structure.

- alliances that are

neither formally structured nor org determined.

– considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups. - P eople have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their

of the group. - Social identities help us understand who we are and where we fit in with people. - in group favoritism

Several characteristics make a social identity important to a person

- Similarity - Distinctiveness - Status - Uncertainty reduction

What are the stages of group development?

1. forming 2. storming 3. norming 4. performing 5. adjoirning

- workers are independently working on task to achieve a common purpose - considered one person- Groups have not been formed

- characterized by uncertainty about the groups purpose, structure and leadership - members test waters to determine what type of behavior is acceptable - this stage is complete when members have begun to think of themselves as part of a group

- Stage involves intra-group conflict - members accept the existence of a group but resist the constraints it imposes on the group - there is conflict over who will control the group - stage is complete when there is a relative clear heiarchy of leadership established within the group

- close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness - Strong sense of identity & camaraderie exist - Stage is complete when group structure solidifies and the group has created a common set of expectations defining what is correct member behavior -

- The structure at this point

fully functional and accepted - Group energies have

focusing on getting to know & understand one anotherand more towards performing the task at hand - FOR PERMENANT

THIS IS

LAST STAGE

- Stage involves wrapping up activities and i s used to prepare for disband- Used for ONLY TEMPORARY teams, committees, task forces and other similar groups that have limited task to perform - Members vary in reactions b/c some may be basking in the groups accomplishments, while on the other hand others may be depressed about the losing friendships gained within the group

What are the relationships in group effectiveness?

- Groups proceed through the stages of group development at different rates.  - Those with a strong sense of purpose and strategy r apidly achieve high performance and

- Similarly, groups that begin with a positive social focus appear to achieve the “performing” stage more rapidly. - Groups don’t always

from one stage to the next.

a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

one’s perception of how to act in a given situation.

- how others believe one should act in a given situation. EX.: Psychological contract

- situation in which an individual faces divergent role expectations. - Zimbardo’s prison experiment which explains that when people are put into their roles

the personal behavior of that role

- rules or acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members. - Performance norms - Appearance norms - Social arrangement norms - Resource allocation norms - The Hawthorne Studies

Typology of deviant workplace behavior?

production- leaving early, working slowly, wasting resources Property- sabotage, lying about hours worked, stealing from the org political- showing favoritism, gossiping spreading rumors, blaming coworkers Personal aggression- sexual harassment, verbal abuse, stealing from coworkers

a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. 

Status characteristics theory

- differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups. - Status is derived from one of three sources: - The power of a personwields over others. - A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals. - An individual’s personal characteristics.

Status Norms and status Inequity

Norms- High status individuals often have more freedom to deviate from norms. Inequity- Perceived inequity creates disequilibrium and can lead to resentment and corrective behavior.

Status and Group interaction

- High status people are often more assertive.

Status and Stigmatization

Group size affects the groups overall behavior

- large groups are good for gaining diverse inputs - smaller group are better doing something with input.

the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than alone.

Relationship between Group cohesiveness, performance norms and productivity.

High productivity= High

and

Low productivity= Low

and

Moderate productivity= High

and low

Moderate to low productivity= low

and low

- the degree to which members of the group are similar to, or different from, one another. - Increases group conflict especially in the short term. - Culturally and demographically diverse groups may perform better over time.

What are the strengths to group decision making?

- More complete information and knowledge - Increased diversity of views - Increased acceptance of solutions

Weaknesses of group decision making?

- Time consuming - Conformity pressures - Dominance of a few members - Ambiguous responsibility

Effectiveness and efficiency of

- Accuracy - Speed - Creativity - Acceptance

- situations in which

for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views. -

- a change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make. - The

but is generally toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position

- Members meet face-to-face and rely on both verbal and nonverbal interaction

with each other. - Interacting groups often censor themselves and pressure individual members toward conformity of opinion.

- can overcome pressures for conformity - The group leader states the problem clearly. - Members then “free-wheel” as many alternatives as they can. - No criticism is allowed. - One idea stimulates others, and group members are encouraged to “think the unusual.”

- restricts discussion or interpersonal communication during the decision making process. - Group members are all physically present,

- The main advantage is that it permits the group to meet formally but does not restrict independent thinking, as does the interacting group. - Research shows that nominal groups outperform brainstorming groups.

In a nominal group, a problem is presented, then…

- Each member independently writes down his/her ideas on the problem.  - After this silent period, each member presents one idea to the group. - The ideas are discussed for clarity. - Each group member rank-orders the ideas. - The idea with the highest aggregate ranking determines the final decision.

Because lower-status people tend to participate less in group discussions, groups with high status differences are likely to inhibit input from lower-status members and reduce their potential, T/F?

When forming employee groups, use

for fact-finding activities, and smaller groups for action-taking tasks. T/F?

True, When creating larger groups , you should also provide measures of individual performance.

What is one impact of status on norms?

Which of the following statement is true regarding the effect of status on conformity pressure?

What term is used for the degree to which group members are attracted to one another and are motivated to stay in the group?

What is role perception Quizlet?