LESSON MISSION
LESSON READINGThe Cottage vs. the Factory
In the 1700s, most of the people were farmers. The things that people used, such as clothes and tools, were made by hand. It took a long time to make the items that people needed. Soon,
many inventors began creating machines that made work easier and quicker. These new machines started the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a time in the early late 1700s and early 1800s when the invention of new machines led to industrialization. The Textile Revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in England with the textile industry. Textiles are cloth, fabrics, yarn, and thread. For hundreds of years, spinning wheels had been used in homes to make thread. But the spinning wheel was very slow and it could only spin one thread at a time. When the population of England
exploded several things happened. First, farming space began to run low so people began looking for jobs other than farming. Most non-farming jobs were in cities. People who lived in cities had no land to find raw materials or produce goods. They needed to buy products that were already made. This was especially true of textiles. The Flying Shuttle
As the population grew in England, more people needed and were willing to buy textile goods. Skilled hand weavers could not keep up with the demand of people who wanted to purchase ready-made textiles. This problem led John Kay to invent the flying shuttle in 1733.
The flying shuttle was easy to use and sped up the process of weaving fabric. It also allowed one person to produce much larger amounts of cloth. It was the first in a series of inventions that led to the textile industry. The Spinning Jenny
In 1764, James Hargreaves invented a machine called the spinning jenny. The spinning jenny was a muti-spooled spinning wheel. It could spin eight threads at one time which reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn. Now one single worker could produce more textiles in a shorter
amount of time while reducing the overall cost. Like the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny was an innovation that allowed one worker to produce more items, quicker, and less expensive than before. The spinning jenny allowed the spinning process to catch up with the weaving process in making textiles. The Cottage System
Now that textiles could be produced quicker and in larger amounts, many rural women, mainly farmers' wives and daughters, began purchasing flying shuttles and spinning jennies. After all of the farm work and chores were done, these women would produce textiles to help their families earn more money. They produced the textiles right in their own homes. Their work became known as the cottage system. The cottage system was a system for making products to sell in which people worked in their own homes and used their own equipment. As demand for ready-made fabrics grew even more, the cottage system changed to meet the demand. People began to specialize in one specific job in the cottage system process.
The cottage system process started and ended with the merchant. The merchant was a businessman who purchased the raw materials such as silk, wool, and cotton and gave them to the rural carders. The carders would comb the wool or cotton into long fibers so it could be spun. The carders then gave the combed fibers to the spinners. The spinners took the combed fibers and it spun it into yarn or thread and wrapped it around a bobbin or spool. The spinners gave the spun fiber to the weavers. The weavers turned the yarns of thread into cloth. The weavers then gave the cloth to the dyers. The dyers gave the fabric color by bleaching or dying the cloth. Once the cloth had color, the merchant would pick up the fabric from the dyer and sell it.
The cottage system had many advantages and disadvantages. The flying shuttle and spinning jenny allowed textile workers in the cottage system to produce more fabric much faster; but, it cost a good deal of money up front. Workers did not make very much money from the textiles they made. So, farming remained the major way people made a living. Workers could work in their own homes; however, rural homes were usually small, crowded, and poorly ventilated. Without fresh air and ample space, working at home could be very uncomfortable. In those days, there was no electricity. People had to
use candles and lanterns for light. Farming had to be done in the daylight hours. So, many textile workers had to work at night, where it was harder to see.
In the cottage industry, workers did not have to answer to a boss. The workers were in control of how fast they worked and the
quality of their work as well. Remember though, they had to farm all day. They were very tired after a long, hard day of work. Fatigue combined with poor candlelight affected the quantity and quality of their work.
The cottage industry showed how much people could produce in their homes through spinning and
weaving cloth by hand. But the cottage system could not keep up with the growing demand for textiles. Eventually new inventions and innovations changed the way textiles were made once again. In the late 18th century, a series of innovations changed the ways textiles were produced. The cottage industry eventually gave way to a new way of producing goods called the factory system.
In 1769, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame. The water frame was a spinning machine powered by water. People no longer had to power the textile machines. In 1771, Arkwright installed the water frame in a cotton mill. This was would be the first of many factories built to keep machines and bring workers together to run the machines and produce goods. This was the beginning of the factory system. The factory system started when businessmen began hiring groups of people to produce goods using machines in a large building or factory.
When
the factory system began, women were the primary workers. Home spinning had been considered the work of women. The main reason factory owners hired mostly women; however, was because the men still farmed as the major source of family income. Wives and daughters went to work in factories to maximize the family income. As inventions like the water frame made production easier, factory owners began hiring children to work the machines in factories. Children could be
paid far less than adults and could be punished easier for mistakes. In some cases, children worked in factories to help bring in more money for the family. Sometimes, the child became the bread winner because factory owners did not want to pay higher wages to adults.
In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule. The spinning mule was a loom that used water power to spin textile fibers into yarn. This helped to make the material faster. One worker could make fifty times more cloth in one day than he ever could before. The spinning mule needed a strong person to operate it. This brought men into the factories for jobs, pulling them away from farming.
More and more inventions helped to make the factory system more efficient. Efficient is being capable of producing the desired results without wasting materials, time, or energy. In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom. This was the first loom to be driven by steam
power. The machines kept getting larger, faster, and more expensive. Soon, factories were built near areas where coal, iron, and water were available. They used the coal, iron, and water a source of power for the machines. They also used waterways like canals to ship the goods.
Many people left farming to go work in factories. With a huge workforce and fast machines, factory owners were able to mass produce incredible amounts of goods, that they never would have dreamed possible just decades earlier. The cost of mass produced items were much less that hand-made ones. Factory owners no longer needed workers who were skilled in making textiles. With easy to use machines, they could hire people who were not skilled to work the machines. This helped to lower the cost of production because factory owners could pay unskilled workers a great deal less than skilled ones.
The factory system had many advantages and disadvantages as well. Because products could be produced at lower costs, the price of many products went way down. People
could afford more and poorer families could begin to enjoy some of the things only the rich had enjoyed. Unfortunately, this was at the cost of the factory workers. Factory workers worked long hours, for low pay, and unsafe and unhealthy conditions. Factory owners extended workdays to twelve, fourteen, and even fifteen work hours per day. The American Factory System
Remember, the factory system started in Great Britain. The factory system helped Great Britain become the largest Empire in the world. So of course, they wanted to keep the factory system and new inventions and innovations that led to it a secret. A British law said that no one could take the plans of the new machines out of the country, but this law was very hard to enforce. Samuel Slater was a mechanic in Britain. He heard that the United States would pay a lot of money for the plans to the new machines. In 1789, Slater left Britain. He knew that he would be searched when he left. He could not take any of the plans with him - on paper. So he wouldn't be arrested, Slater memorized how the machines in the mill were made. In 1793, Slater built a mill in Rhode Island. This was the first successful textile mill in the United States. It was powered by water. Slater's wife also helped the mill. She made a new thread that wouldn't break as easily. This stronger thread made the mill run better and faster. The new factory was a big hit. Soon other people were copying his ideas. Interchangeable Parts Change Production
An important American inventor was Eli Whitney. Whitney was famous for being a gun maker and inventing the cotton gin. in the early 19th century, all parts of a gun were made by hand. This meant each part could be a little bit different. If one of the parts broke, someone would have to make a new part by hand. This meant getting parts could take a long time. Whitney thought that if factories made the parts, they would all be the same. Then if a part broke, it would be much easier and faster to get a new one. This idea of interchangeable parts had been thought of by others before Whitney. But he made it popular. The idea of interchangeable parts would save a lot of money. Whitney used the idea to make guns for the government. Soon, interchangeable parts were being used for many different things. Small shops quickly grew into large factories. The Industrial Revolution and the factory system changed life in the United States. Some people still farmed in the United States. Others left farming and moved to cities. They got jobs in the new factories. This helped cities to grow and changed the face
of the nation. The Factory System and Industrialization
Factory work in America had the same advantages and disadvantages as it did in Britain. The cost of goods went down in America just as it did in Britain, but at the cost of the worker. This didn't stop a lot of people from working there anyway. African Americans left the South in droves to find jobs after the Civil War. Many immigrants saw these jobs as a chance to make a new life in America. In a very short time, the Industrial Revolution and the factory system changed the United States as it had Britain. The factory system was the first stage of U.S. industrialization. Remember, industrialization is when the people of a country move away from farming as their main way of making money and begin manufacturing goods and services as their main way of making money. In fact, the factory system, marked the beginning of America's rise as a world power. WHOLE GROUP ACTIVITYComprehension Check
SMALL GROUP ACTIVITYAs you read, the factory system was the first step in American industrialization. It was the cottage system though, that made the factory system possible. In this small group activity, you will work together to complete the graphic organizer below by comparing and contrasting the cottage system and the factory system of production. Be ready to discuss your small group answers as a class. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITYLesson Chronicles
What was the American factory system and how did it led to U.S. Industrialization? Lesson Chronicles Table of Contents Your Name Today's Date
Congratulations! You have completed the Lesson 1 Lesson Module! How did mass production affect workers?In real life, mass production led to worker unrest, turnover, and social conflict. Unionization efforts intensified as workers became more alienated in the factory setting. Thus, the advent of mass production had both positive and negative effects on society.
How did mass production change factories?By reducing labor costs, such machines not only reduced manufacturing costs but lowered prices manufacturers charged consumers. In short, machine production created a growing abundance of products at cheaper prices.
What role did the factories play in changing society and creating a new mass society?Before the factory system, most people lived on farms in the countryside. With the formation of large factories, people began to move to the cities. Cities grew larger and sometimes became overcrowded. This movement from a rural society to an urban society created a dramatic shift in the way people lived.
How did the Industrial Revolution change the role of workers select three options?Workers made products in large factories. Workers used machines for repetitive tasks. Workers made products on a large scale. made it possible for people to be more productive and creative.
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Explain how mass production change the type of workers that factory owners wanted to hire
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