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You need to become an AUS-e-TUTE Member! Reaction Rates (Chemical Kinetics) and Collision Theory TutorialKey Concepts
Please do not block ads on this website. Factors that Affect Reaction Rates
Measuring Reaction RatesHow a reaction rate is measured depends on the nature of the reactants and products. Some measurable quanitities are:
Imagine an experiment in which we can measure the amount of product being formed in a closed
vessel.2 When we plot the points of amount of product produced vs time, for the same reaction at two different temperatures, we get a graph like the one shown below:
The initial slope of the graph provides you with the initial rate of reaction. Reaction rates slow down as the reaction approaches equilibrium. At equilibrium, the concentration of a reactant, or the concentration of a product, does not change with time. Worked Example: Zinc and Hydrochloric Acid Reaction RateConsider an experiment in which we add hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), to a clean piece of metallic zinc, Zn(s), in an open beaker. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) In order to determine the rate of the reaction we could:
We could then investigate the factors that influence the rate of reaction by changing one variable at a time and repeating the experiment.
(see Experimental Design Tutorial for more details of how to design your own experiments.) If we were to perform a set of experiments to test each of the variables that we think would effect the rate at which zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid, we would find results such as those given in the table below:
1. "Surface area to volume ratios" crop up all the time in chemistry. As the size of a particle (as measured by its radius or diameter) decreases, the amount of substance at the surface of the particle compared to the amount of substance occupying the body (or volume) of the particle increases dramatically. 2. In a closed system our reaction can reach equilibrium, and at this point the concentrations of reactants and products that we measure will not change with time. 3. For the purposes of this discussion it doesn't matter whether you think of the
"acid particles" as HCl(aq) particles or as H+(aq) or H3O+(aq) particles. How does decreasing volume affect reaction rate?Thus decreased volume for a gas-phase reaction will shift the system toward the side of the reaction with the fewest moles of gas. For example, decreased volume and therefore increased concentration of both reactants and products for the following reaction at equilibrium will shift the system toward more products.
How does volume affect rate of reaction?If the surface area to volume ratio of a reacting solid is increased: more reactant particles are exposed at the surface. the frequency of collisions between reactant particles increases. therefore the rate of reaction increases.
How does lowering the volume speed up a chemical reaction?For the two chemicals to react, there must be collisions between their molecules. By increasing the pressure, you squeeze the molecules together so you will increase the frequency of collisions between them. You can easily increase the pressure by simply reducing the volume of the reaction vessel the gases are in.
Why do smaller things react faster?Several smaller particles have more surface area than one large particle. The more surface area that is available for particles to collide, the faster the reaction will occur.
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