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Verified Hint: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants produce organic matter (starch) by entrapping sunlight and carbon dioxide. It is an anabolic process. On the other hand, respiration is a catabolic process. The processes in which ‘synthesis’ of new compounds occur are known as anabolic reactions. The process involving ‘destruction’ of molecules to release the energy stored in them are known as catabolic processes. Complete answer:
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The word respiration is commonly used to describe the process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. However, the term more formally refers to the chemical process organisms use to release the energy from food, which typically involves the consumption of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. Because respiration releases energy it is chemically the reverse of photosynthesis, which uses energy from the Sun to make organic molecules. Photosynthesis and respiration are also connected ecologically because the vast majority of organisms use the oxygen produced by photosynthesis for respiration. Today, most organisms on land, freshwater and the oceans, including plants, use cellular respiration to extract the energy they need to function, grow, and reproduce. What is respiration?A summary of the overall process of cellular respiration Most of the flow of energy through the biosphere begins with photosynthesizing organisms. Some of that energy is then acquired by organisms, including animals, that eat photosynthesizing organisms (called herbivores), which in turn are consumed by other organisms including animals (carnivores), or by organisms that consume dead organisms (decomposers) to get their energy for growth, reproduction, and other functions. The process that these organisms use to extract the energy from their food is through the chemical process of aerobic (with oxygen) respiration, also called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration uses organic molecules from food (for example, the sugar glucose) and oxygen to produce energy that is stored in the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as well as heat. Cellular respiration also produces carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration evolved after early photosynthesizing bacteria began providing a steady source of oxygen, and became abundant once oxygen began to accumulate in the ocean and atmosphere. The earliest forms of life, and some bacteria today, only use anaerobic processes (respiration without oxygen) to produce energy. Anaerobic processes, including fermentation, also occur in organisms that use cellular respiration, such as in human muscles, but these anaerobic processes do not generate energy as efficiently as aerobic pathways. Bacteria that use anaerobic respiration also live in the stomachs of animals, such as cows and sheep, and help to break down the grass they eat. A byproduct of this anaerobic process is methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas. For this reason, the increase in livestock from the industrialization of agricultural activities over the last century has contributed to global warming. Respiration is affected by various environmental conditions, including:
Earth system model about respirationThe Earth system model below includes some of the processes and phenomena related to respiration. These processes operate at various rates and on different spatial and temporal scales. For example, carbon dioxide is transferred among plants and animals over relatively short time periods (hours-weeks), but industrial agricultural activities have altered livestock biomass over decades to centuries. Can you think of additional cause and effect relationships between respiration and other processes in the Earth system? Explore the Earth SystemClick the bolded terms (e.g. photosynthesis, productivity and biomass, and oxygen levels) on this page to learn more about these process and phenomena. Alternatively, explore the Understanding Global Change Infographic and find new topics that are of interest and/or locally relevant to you. Links to Learn More
Why is it said that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are reverse reactions?Respiration and Photosynthesis are almostopposite processes because photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while respiration puts back carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and has it's waste product of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Why is this considered the chemical reverse of photosynthesis?“We call it 'reverse photosynthesis' because the enzymes use oxygen from the atmosphere and sunlight to break down and transform plant carbon bonds, instead of creating them and producing oxygen--which is what we typically understand with photosynthesis,” says co-author Klaus Möllers, from Department of Biology, ...
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite chemical reactions?Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by- products and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process.
Is photosynthesis the reverse of cellular respiration?Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are direct opposite reactions. Energy from the sun enters a plant and is converted into glucose during photosynthesis. Some of the energy is used to make ATP in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, and some is lost to the environment as heat.
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