Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders?

17) Which of the following statements is true regarding the biopsychosocial model of addiction?A) Addiction is caused by hereditary factors.B) Addiction is caused by a variety of factors operating together.C) There is no genetic influence on addiction.D) Cultural expectations can contribute to an addiction.Answer:BDiff: 2Page Ref: 314

Skill:Understanding18) Jen's parents drink a few martinis every night "to relax." Their behavior can affect Jen'salcohol use according to which theory?B

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Diff: 2Page Ref: 315Skill:Applying

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19) Shopping for longer amounts of time than intended and buying more than one needs or canafford are symptoms ofD

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Diff: 2Page Ref: 319Skill:Understanding20) Which of the following suggests a genetic influence on addiction?B

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Diff: 1Page Ref: 315Skill:Understanding21) Process addictions involve behaviors that are addictive because they areA) relievers of physical pain.B) compulsive.C) mood altering.D) enabling.Answer:CDiff: 1Page Ref: 316

Skill:Understanding22) Most work addicts come from homes that wereCDiff: 2Page Ref: 321

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Skill:Understanding23) Exercise addiction often involvesADiff: 2Page Ref: 321

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24) Signs of Internet addiction includeCDiff: 2Page Ref: 319

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Skill:Understanding25) Jason works out three hours a day. Despite compliments from friends and family membersregarding his strength and muscular physique, he believes that he is thin and weak. Theseperceptions suggest that Jason hasA) anorexia nervosa.B) an exercise habit.C) muscle dysmorphia.D) bulimia nervosa.Answer:CDiff: 2Page Ref: 322

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• 1. 

  What is the World Health Organization's definition of health?

  • A. 

    "Heath is having a sound, disease-free body with good cardiovascular performance, sharp senses, a strong immune system, and the ability to withstand physical injury."

  • B. 

    "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

  • C. 

    "Heath is being able to think clearly, having good self-esteem, and enjoying a general feeling of well-being."

  • D. 

    "Health is having good interpersonal skills, meaningful relationships with friends and family, and social support in times of crisis."

  • E. 

    "Health is the absence of aberrant somatic processes, such as biochemical imbalances, viruses, or injuries."

• 2. 

  The biomedical model is considered to be a reductionist model. What does a reductionist viewpoint mean in context of the biomedical model?

  • A. 

    Health professionals focus on investigating factors that promote physical, psychological and social health.

  • B. 

    Health is nothing more than the absence of disease.

  • C. 

    Disease can always be reduced to an underlying biological cause, such as a pathogen.

  • D. 

    A single psychological problem is sufficient to trigger disease.

  • E. 

    A reduction in the scale of medical procedures is desirable. For example, laparoscopic surgery is less invasive than an open procedure.

• 3. 

  Pasteur's germ theory of disease suggests that pathogens invade body cells and cause disease.  How the biomedical model incorporated this theory was especially relevant during the early 20th century because:

  • A. 

    Health care costs greatly increased per capita as more citizens started driving automobiles and causing accidents.

  • B. 

    Infectious diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, and consumption (tuberculosis) were among the leading causes of death.

  • C. 

    The placebo effect had not yet been discovered.

  • D. 

    Non-communicable "lifestyle diseases" such as diabetes and heart disease were not preventable in the early 20th century.

  • E. 

    The biomedical model soon became out-dated once antibiotics were discovered.

• 4. 

  What problem does the placebo effect pose to the biomedical model?

  • A. 

    The biomedical model has difficulty explaining the biological basis for how a person's beliefs influence the efficacy of a treatment.

  • B. 

    There are ethical problems when assigning patients to placebo treatments.

  • C. 

    The placebo effect does not pose a problem at all to the biomedical model because it would only affect the patient's emotional state and not have any biological effects.

  • D. 

    It counteracts the biomedical model's concept of the "nocebo effect," where a person attaches negative expectations to a treatment.

  • E. 

    Placebos are considered to be best kept to the realm of science experiments and out of the health care system.

• 5. 

  Engel based the biopsychosocial model on systems theory.  This can be understood as:

  • A. 

    A: A hierarchy of systems in which each system can influence higher and lower systems. These interactions and their emergent properties on a person's health could be considered to be influenced by complexity theory.

  • B. 

    B: A hierarchy of systems in which each system is simultaneously part of a larger system and contains smaller subsystems.

  • C. 

    C: A linear cause-effect model that can attribute a single sociological, psychological or biological basis for a given disease.

  • D. 

    Options A and B are true.

  • E. 

    Options A, B and C are true.

• 6. 

  The biopsychosocial model suggests that:

  • A. 

    Psychological factors play an unimportant role in the treatment of chronic diseases.

  • B. 

    A person's health behaviours are an automatic consequence of a given social context.

  • C. 

    A person's health are determined by the interaction of biological, psychological and social processes.

  • D. 

    A healthy body is one that is free of diseases.

  • E. 

    Pathogens and other biological factors are unimportant when considering a person's health.

• 7. 

  "The interpersonal relationship between a patient and a health professional will affect the efficacy of a given treatment."  Please infer which theory or model could best incorporate this statement.

  • A. 

    Phrenologic theory

  • B. 

    Humoral theory

  • C. 

    Biomedical model

  • D. 

    Biopsychosocial model

  • E. 

    Psychosomatic theory

• 8. 

  As suggested by Engel, please identify the logical fault in a person's position that "I would rather have a physician who has the most up-to-date biomedical knowledge and techniques than one who understands my psyche."

  • A. 

    The statement assumes a false dicotomy; that competence in one area precludes competence in the other area.

  • B. 

    The statement uses emotional reasoning; this is when a person uses their feelings as a substitute for the objective truth.

  • C. 

    The statement is mentally filtering out the influence of social factors on a person's health.

  • D. 

    The statement creates an inappropriate generalisation; perhaps the physician who is out-of-date with medical knowledge is better.

  • E. 

    The statement is Engel's perspective on health care; there is no logical fault and he would strongly agree with the statement.

• 9. 

  An article from Princeton University found that students felt more stressful during the final exam period when compared with 5 days before and 14 days afterwards.  Also, their concentrations of S-IgA were lower during the exam period, especially in students who reported less adequate social support during the pre-exam period.  Given this information, which one of the following statements is true?

  • A. 

    The students' immune systems were stronger during the exam period.

  • B. 

    The biomedical model can easily identify a pathogen to explain this change in S-IgA concentrations.

  • C. 

    The differences in S-IgA concentrations are arguably because of seasonal variances.

  • D. 

    The biopsychosocial model would not be able to account for these observations.

  • E. 

    The influence of social and psychological factors in this situation is consistent with the interrelationships suggested by the biopsychosocial model.

• 10. 

  In January 2008, the National Aboriginal Health Organization made the following statement: "For Indigenous Peoples living in Canada and around the world, the inter-relationships between the physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional aspects of being are integral to individual and community health."Although the comparison is imperfect, this holistic perspective has some similarities to the:

  • A. 

    Behavioral model

  • B. 

    Birth cohort perspective

  • C. 

    Biomedical model

  • D. 

    The placebo effect

  • E. 

    Biopsychosocial model

• 11. 

  Which of the following issues does the biopsychosocial model accommodate for that the biomedical model does not?

  • A. 

    That a particular biochemical alteration does not always translate directly into a illness.

  • B. 

    Why modern surgeons use the term "craniotomy" instead of "trepanation."

  • C. 

    Pathogens can cause illnesses and health problems.

  • D. 

    Antibiotics can be used to treat tuberculosis.

  • E. 

    Aseptic (germ-free) surgical procedures will reduce the risk of complications.

• 12. 

  Select the perspective that would most likely describe a patient as being "a case of acute myocardial infarction with ventricular fibrillation."

  • A. 

    Reductionist

  • B. 

    Epidemiological

  • C. 

    Psychosomatic

  • D. 

    Systematist

  • E. 

    Behaviorist

• 13. 

  Select the perspective that would most likely describe a patient as being "a middle-aged real estate salesman with an acute myocardial infarction developed ventricular fibrillation while the intern was attempting an arterial puncture."

  • A. 

    Reductionist

  • B. 

    Epidemiological

  • C. 

    Psychosomatic

  • D. 

    Systematist

  • E. 

    Behaviorist

• 14. 

  Which of the following statements about the biopsychosocial model is true?

  • A. 

    A: When using the biopsychosocial model, an assessment of a person's medical problems would not include his or her illness.

  • B. 

    B: A patient's genetics are unimportant within the context of the biopsychosocial model.

  • C. 

    C: The levels in the hierarchy of natural systems are not weighted equally in all situations.

  • D. 

    Options A and B are true.

  • E. 

    Options A, B, and C are true.

• 15. 

  Which of the following are not components of a diagnosis of a Somatoform Disorder?

  • A. 

    Experiential

  • B. 

    Cognitive

  • C. 

    Behavioural

  • D. 

    Biological

  • E. 

    All of the above are components of a Somatoform Disorder

• 16. 

  According to Weiner (2008), which of these is not a problem associated with the biopsychosocial model?

  • A. 

    Surges in correlations between outcomes and psychosocial factors

  • B. 

    Theory is difficult to test

  • C. 

    Healthy patients are difficult to accurately distinguish from unhealthy ones

  • D. 

    Treatment based on the model requires a large number of specialists

  • E. 

    Specialists are using the theory as a scapegoat for difficult to diagnose patients

• 17. 

  Covic et al (2003) examined a biopsychosocial approach to rheumatoid arthritis in their study. What was the most significant predictor of pain levels and depression in their patients?

  • A. 

    Physical disability

  • B. 

    Feelings of helplessness

  • C. 

    Coping mechanisms

  • D. 

    Satisfaction of care

  • E. 

    Social support

• 18. 

  Bitton et al (2008) examined the biopsychosocial model and its implication in predicting relapse in Crohn's disease. Which of the following factors reduced the chance of relapse in their patients?

  • A. 

    Low stress levels

  • B. 

    Low psychological distress

  • C. 

    Having an effective coping strategy

  • D. 

    All of the above

  • E. 

    None of the above

• 19. 

  Suls and Rothman (2004) propose that the biopsychosocial model be examined closely in a number of areas to make practical use of the model more effective. Which of the following areas IS NOT mentioned in their article?

  • A. 

    Including the new category of spiritualism discovered in recent research

  • B. 

    Defining linkages of the subsystems of the model

  • C. 

    Look at representative samples on a broader level

  • D. 

    Policymaking that includes the model in treatment/prevention

  • E. 

    Communicating between policy makers, practitioners and researchers

• 20. 

  Among other things, scoring highly on the Type A Cognitive Questionnaire (TACQ) means you are more at risk for:

  • A. 

    Death

  • B. 

    Cancer

  • C. 

    Depression

  • D. 

    Having less social support (quantitatively)

  • E. 

    A sedentary lifestyle

• 21. 

  Which of these would Verhoeven et al (2008) say is a cognitive attribute to skin irritability?

  • A. 

    Personality

  • B. 

    Feelings of helplessness

  • C. 

    External stressors

  • D. 

    Anxiety

  • E. 

    Visual triggering by "itchy" pictures

• 22. 

  Which of these examples of placebo analgesia would Price  et al (2005) attribute to external factors?

  • A. 

    A physician reducing pain by verbally suggesting that analgesia will take place

  • B. 

    A patient distorts their memory of recent pain

  • C. 

    A patient records their expectancy of pain

  • D. 

    A physician offers a placebo in place of an anti-inflammatory

  • E. 

    MRI technician shows a patient has reduced activation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex

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