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The Migration Map is designed to work with larger screen sizes. Please visit this page on a desktop computer, tablet, or change the orientation of your mobile device to view. African American Migration PatternsBased on Top Ranked States of BirthThese interactive maps provide a glimpse into the overall patterns of black migration in the United States between 1920 and 2010. One charts the movement of blacks from their states of origin to key destination cities in the North, the other follows the more recent movement in reverse to the South. Between 1910 and 1970, more than 5 million blacks left the South for major cities in the North and West, including Pittsburgh, New York, Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, and Los Angeles. Their departures were fueled in part by the availability of low skilled jobs in the burgeoning manufacturing industry after both World Wars. Other contributing factors included the drying up of southern agriculture jobs due to farm mechanization as well as the increasingly repressive social environment. In 1910 the nation’s largest black populations were in Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama; in 1970 the largest black populations were in New York, Illinois, and California. The last 45 years has seen a “reverse migration” of blacks, with large gains in “new south” metropolitan areas like Atlanta, Baltimore, Houston, and Charlotte. The slowdown in manufacturing employment and deteriorating race relations in the North, coupled with the postwar economic renaissance in southern cities, have brought new generations of blacks to a region that their grandparents and great grandparents sought to leave. Between 2000 and 2010, Atlanta led the nation in black population gains at the same time that New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Los Angeles registered declines. —William H. Frey, PhD, demographer, sociologist, and author of Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics are Remaking America (2015) African American Migration PatternsBased on Top Ranked States of Birth United StatesALMSARMOKSCO CAORWAMT IDWYUTNVAZNMNDSD NEIAMNWI MIPANYVTNHMEMACT RINJMDDE OKTNNCVAWVILINOHKYGASCFLLATXLos AngelesSt. LouisChicagoDetroitPittsburgh New York MemphisHoustonCharlotteOrlandoAtlantaBaltimore Migration DataReverse Migration DataBlack Residents of Orlando
Note: These figures show the number of black residents recorded during census years listed, as ranked by their non-southern state of birth. Source: William H. Frey, Brookings Institution, analysis of US Census Bureau’s Decennial Censuses, 1920-2000, and 2008-2012 American Community Survey, drawn from IPUMS-USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org and American Community Survey Public Use Microfiles.
Global Patterns of Human MigrationStudents use maps and recent census data to analyze migration patterns across the globe. Subjects Geography, Human Geography 1. Discuss the map of human migration around the world. Remind students of some common push factors and pull factors, such as better job opportunities (pull) or war (push). 2. Have small groups explore the data behind the map. 4. Discuss students’ predictions about future global migration patterns. Ask students to describe how the map of human migration around the world displays information about migration streams. Have students explore migration relationships for countries other than the United States, and report to the class on their findings. Visit the provided World Bank website to download the full
migration data set. The downloadable file, called the Bilaterial Migration Matrix 2010, can be opened in Microsoft Excel. Students will: Teaching Approach
Teaching Methods
Skills SummaryThis activity targets the following skills:
Connections to National Standards, Principles, and PracticesNational Council for Social Studies Curriculum Standards
National Geography Standards
What You’ll NeedMaterials You Provide
Required Technology
Physical Space
Grouping
Background InformationHuman migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another. Human patterns of movement reflect the conditions of a changing world and impact the cultural landscapes of both the places people leave and the places they settle. Prior Knowledge
VocabularyNoun program of a nation, state, or other region that counts the population and usually gives its characteristics, such as age and gender. Noun one of the seven main land masses on Earth. emigrant Noun person who moves from their existing country or region to a new country or region. emigrate Verb to move from one's native land to another. human migration Noun
the movement of people from one place to another. immigrant Noun person who moves to a new country or region. immigrate Verb to move to a new place. immigration Noun process of moving to a new country or region with the intention of staying and living there. migration stream Noun flow of immigrants from a specific place, economic status, or skill set. population Noun total number of people or organisms in a particular area. pull factor Noun force that draws people to immigrate to a place. push factor Noun force that drives people away from a place. Websites
Where did the Great Migration start?The First Great Migration (1910-1940) had Black southerners relocate to northern and midwestern cities including: New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. When the war effort ramped up in 1917, more able bodied men were sent off to Europe to fight leaving their industrial jobs vacant.
What was the impact of the Civil War on the South African American population?As a result of the Union victory in the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1865), nearly four million slaves were freed. The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) granted African Americans citizenship, and the Fifteenth Amendment (1870) guaranteed their right to vote.
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Which of the following is the best explanation for the migration patterns shown on the map?
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