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| Chapter 8
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| Multiple Choice
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This activity contains 12 questions.
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Social __________ theories examine institutional arrangements within society.
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| structure
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| life
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| process
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| pathology
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Social disorganization theory is closely associated with the ______________ school of criminology.
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| classical
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| positivist
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| ecological
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| conflict
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The concentric zone model was applied to the study of delinquency by _________________.
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| Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay.
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| Robert Park and Ernest Burgess.
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| W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki.
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| Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld.
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According to Merton, the _________________mode of adaptation involves rejecting culturally defined goals but accepting socially approved means.
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| conformity
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| innovation
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| ritualism
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| retreatism
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Merton's strain theory stresses_________________ ___________________________________.
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| the idea that while criminal behaviour is not inherited, tendencies toward criminal behaviour are inherited.
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| the importance of the individual's early family environment in determining attitudes toward crime.
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| the sexual maladjustments of individuals as a main source of crime.
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| the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the means of obtaining them.
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General strain theory was developed by ___________________________________.
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| Robert Merton
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| Robert Agnew
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| Lloyd Ohlin
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| Franco Ferracuti
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According to Robert Merton, the mode of adaptation which typifies most middle- and upper-class individuals is __________________.
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| conformity.
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| innovation.
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| retreatism.
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| ritualism.
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Reaction formation was developed by ____________________________.
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| Thorsten Sellin
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| Robert Agnew
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| Albert Cohen
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| Frederic Thrasher
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Some researchers suggest that __________ theories fail to distinguish between the condition of social disorganization and the crimes that this condition is said to cause.
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| strain
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| culture conflict
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| subcultural
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| ecological
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The concept of a subculture of violence was developed by _____________________.
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| Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay.
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| Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang.
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| Robert Park and Ernest Burgess.
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| Thorsten Sellin and Walter Miller
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___________ suggests that delinquent behaviour is a coping mechanism that enables adolescents to deal with the socio-economic problems generated by negative social relations.
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| Ecological theory
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| Strain theory
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| General strain theory
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| Culture conflict theory
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Canadian street gangs are _____________.
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| multicultural.
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| friendship/family-based or hierarchical in nature.
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| generally comprised of adults between the ages of 20 to 30 years.
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| all of the above
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Which of Martin's social adaptation is most closely associated with criminal behavior?
Merton believed there was a disjunction between socially approved means to success and legitimate cultural goals. He outlined five modes of adaptation, or combinations of goals and means, and suggested that innovation was the mode most likely to be associated with crime.
Which of Merton's social adaptations is most?
The conformist is the most common mode of adaptation. Such individuals accept both the goals as well as the prescribed means for achieving the goal. Conformists will accept, though not always achieve, the goals of society and the means approved for achieving them.
Which mode of adaptation is most associated with criminal behavior quizlet?
Innovation, the mode of adaptation most associated with criminal behavior, explains the high rate of crime committed by uneducated and poor individuals who do not have access to legitimate means of achieving the social goals of wealth and power.
What are three of the different adaptations that Merton identifies?
Three different adaptations Merton identifies are conformity, retreatism, and rebellion. Conformity is the adaption where people continue to accept the goals and the ways to achieve it. For example, most people go to school and work hard in their subjects in order to reach their goal of graduating.