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chapters 1-4
which discipline defines itself as the "systematic study of human society | sociology |
peter Berger describes using the the sociological perspective as seeing _____ in the ____ | general; particular |
three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effects of ______ | age,class,and our place in history because, of these are all ways in which sociology guides college attendance |
according to Durkheim, categories of people with higher suicide rates typically have______ | lower social intergration |
the pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was_____ | Emile Durkheim |
In the US today, the suicide is highest for ____ | white males |
Because there is no more social isolation in rural areas of the US than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be | higher in rural areas |
among the historical changes that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline was | the rise of the industrial economy and growth of cities |
the term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by ____ | Auguste Compte |
____is a way of understanding the world based on science | positivism |
the theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the.. | structural-functional approach |
the structural-functional approach is concerned with______ | the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society |
identify the tree sociologist who played a part in the development of sociology's structural functional approach | Auguste Compte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim |
who was the US sociologist who distinguished between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns? | Robert Merton |
The recognized and intended consequences of social pattern are referred to as _____ _______ | manifest functions |
Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called | latent functions |
science can be defined as a______ | a. logical system bases knowledge on direct systematic observation |
imagine that you were going to measure the age number of respondents taking part as a survey. As you record the data you are using a concept of age as_____ | a variable |
if you were trying to measure the "social class" of various people, you would have to keep in mind that_____ | it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring |
what process involves deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable? | operationalizing |
what is the term for the value that occurs most often in a series of numbers? | the mode |
what term refers to the arithmetic average of a series of numbers? | the mean |
what term refers to the value that occurs midway in a series of numbers (what is the middle)? | the mediean |
In the process of measurement, reliability refers to_____ | whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results |
which german word meaning "understanding" was used by Marx Weber to describe his approach to sociological research | Verstehen |
what term refers to any change in a subject's behavior that is caused by the awareness of being studied? | the Hawthorne effect |
which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview? | secondary research |
a small member of people that are used to represent a much larger population is called a _____ | sampling frame |
the United states is the most ____of all countries | multicultrual |
what is the term for the beliefs,values,behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people? | culture |
as a part of human culture, religion is an example of _____ | nonmaterial culture |
cars, computers, and Iphones are all examples of ____ | material culture |
standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called | values |
the dominant values of US culture include_____ | a belief in individuality |
___are rules about everyday, casual living, _____are rules with great moral signifigance | folkways, mores |
wrong-doing such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity is an example of violating | mores |
the early US sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was _____ | George Herbert Mead |
_____distinguished between right and wrong, ___distinguished between right and rude. | mores, folkways |
An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates the to _____ | folkways |
ethnocentrism refers to _____ | judging another culture using the standards of your own culture |
A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling the fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying ______ | ethnocentrism |
the practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called_____ | cultural relativism |
the flow of ____from country to country adds the creation of global culure | goods |
which theoretical approach states the stability of US society rests on core values? | the structural-functional approach |
cultural universals are an element of culture that_____ | are apart of every known culture |
which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism? | the social-conflict approach |
a theory that explains how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the ____ | symbolic-interaction approach |
a Marxist analysis of US culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect____ | the nations capitalists economy |
the theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the _____ | social -conflict approach |
people who interact in a defined territory and who share a culture are a part of | society |
according to Gerhard Lenski which of the following has the greatest power to change a society | technology |
Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology______ | has both positive and negative effects |
Karl Marx believed that the industrial-capitalist system was_____ | giving rise to the concepts of capitalists and porletarians |
the driving force of social change, according to Marx is______ | social conflict between classes |
Karl Marx argued that the dominant social institution is | the economy |
Marx called those who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits ____ | capitalists |
as the suffering of workers became worse,Marx predicted that they would ___ | rise up against the capitalist system |
as Marx used the concept "alienation" meant_____ | the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness |
the socialist society Marx hoped to see, which of the following would be true? | class conflict would be no longer exist |
Karl Marx used philosophical approach called______,While Max Webse followed and approach called_____ | materialism;idealism |
to compare societies at different times in history, Max Weber made use of _____ | ideal types |
Weber traced the origins of the capitalist economy in Europe to ______ | the protestant reformation |
comparing and contrasting the ideas of Karl Marx and Max Weber, which of the following statements is true | both Weber and Marx thought modern society was alienating, although for different reasons |
Emile Durkheim saw society as a system "beyond us" with the power to guide our lives, therefore, he described elements of society, including cultural norms, values and beliefs as ______ | social facts |
it would be correct to say that Durkheim's thought of society is ______ | an objective reality |
the fact that instant messaging is based on a new set of symbols, shows us that_____ | culture changes over time |
Industrialization changes society because______ | the rate of social changes increases |
What are unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern called?
Unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called: manifest functions.
What is an example of a social pattern?
Examples of social structure include family, religion, law, economy, and class.
What is a sociological pattern?
A social pattern consists of forms of social actions that are repeated and have some probability of recurring again. These forms are in their turn caused by social actions as well. Social actions are behavior in which a meaning is invested; they are also oriented to other actors or to an order (Weber).
What is the consequence of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole?
Sociology Chapter 1 Vocabulary.