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Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Psychology1st EditionHOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT 1,007 solutions Which of the following best describes why newborns cry? a. As a way to stimulate neuron growth b. Stephanie brings her two-month-old daughter to the pediatrician so that she can examine a spot in her daughter's mouth. During the examination, the pediatrician rubs her finger in the child's mouth to feel the tissue. How is the child likely to respond? a. She will begin reflexively sucking. a. Which of the following is most accurate about the location and timing of synaptic pruning? a. Pruning begins in the frontal lobe and slowly progresses across the cortex towards the occipital lobe over the first ten years of life. b. Pruning affects different areas of the brain at different rates over the course of development. c. Pruning is a one-time process that occurs around age two in all regions of the brain. d. Pruning begins in the occipital lobe and slowly progresses across the cortex towards the frontal lobe over the first ten years of life. b. Brett is three years old and is unable to jump rope like his older brothers. Which of the following is therefore most accurate about his likely development of this skill? a. He will never be able to jump rope since he did not develop this skill by age two. b. He is likely to develop this skill as he becomes older. c. This inability is related to a delay in midline motor development. d. He needs to practice running more before this skill will develop. b. Brittney believes that her son Leo will start walking around the time he is nine months old because her two older identical twin sons both started walking around this same age. Is her prediction likely to be correct? a. Yes, because all of the children were raised in the same environment and environment largely determines motor development. b. Yes, because all male children begin walking around nine months and females around one year. c. No, because he is less genetically similar to his twin brothers and genetics largely determine early motor development. d. No, because first-born children typically walk earlier than their later born siblings. c. When children understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change its quantity, they are said to have grasped
a. egocentrism. d. Hannah loves when her aunt plays peek-a-boo. She misses her aunt each time she covers her face and goes away but is delighted when her hands move and she returns to play. Hannah is most likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. Formal operational b. Tyrone was playing with his toy airplane very loudly so his mother took the toy and placed it out of view in a nearby closed toy chest. How is Tyrone likely to respond if he is in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? a. He will try to look for the toy and retrieve it from the toy chest. b. Brendan's mother accompanies him to the doctor. As they enter the exam room, she lays her purse down in a chair and then steps out to use the bathroom as the doctor comes in to examine Brendan. Once she leaves, the doctor moves the purse to the counter so that he can sit in the chair. If Brendan has not yet grasped theory of mind (TOM), where will he assume that his mother will look for her purse after returning? a. In the chair b. Although she would prefer to go outside and play, Mary is able to stay inside and finish her homework. This behavior suggests that she is high on which of the following components included in Rothbart's theory of temperament? a. Extroversion b. On his first day of daycare, Montel greeted his new teacher and classmates warmly as his mother put his belongings in his locker on the other side of the classroom. After she was finished, she hugged him goodbye and he proceeded to cry in her absence. Later that day, however, he greeted her with a big hug and smile when she returned to pick him up. This behavior pattern is consistent with which attachment style? a. Secure a. Elizabeth's parents ascribe to an indulgent parenting style. How will they likely respond to her being arrested for stealing? a. They will pay her bail and hire an attorney and she will not receive any punishment. b. She will be grounded and forced to figure out how to deal with the legal system on her own. c. She will be unable to reach them and when she does they will be uninterested in helping her. d. They will pay her bail and hire an attorney but she will be grounded for months. a. Compared to adults, teenagers are a. more likely to fear the consequences of risky behavior. c. According to Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development, the primary challenge for adolescents is a. intimacy versus isolation. d. Tamera recently graduated from high school, began working full-time, and moved out of her childhood home. These changes indicate that she has likely moved out of which stage of development? a. Childhood b. Karen likes her friend's coat but decides not to steal it because her friend will be mad at her and she will be grounded by her parents. Given this scenario, Karen is likely in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? a. Conventional b. Patty runs an employment agency. If Twenge is correct and 'millennials' are becoming more narcissistic, which pattern might she observe in members of this generation when they come to her for a job placement? a. They will underestimate their qualifications. b. Lupita recently celebrated her retirement from work at age 60. According to Erikson, how will Lupita determine if she is experiencing generativity or stagnation? a. By determining if she has led a life of value a. James just turned 75-years-old. As he continues to age, which of the following physical changes is he most likely to experience? a. His brain will become heavier. d. Dr. Thomas, a primary care physician, used to see younger adults but has moved to a new practice where the majority of his patients will be older adults. His staff would like to update the office paperwork to meet the developmental needs of these new patients. Which one of the following changes would be most beneficial? a. Making the print larger a. Recent meta-analyses show that stable first impressions are formed rapidly, often within a. seconds. a. A common saying is that, "You only get one chance to make a first impression." Which of the following aspects of first impressions best supports this saying? a. Rapidly formed b. The term for an uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behavior doesn't match our attitudes is a. cognitive dissonance. a. A restaurant owner wants to help his restaurant's reputation, so he offers customers cash and asks them to write positive reviews. He only makes this offer to customers who clearly didn't like the food. Although the owner did not consider the principle of cognitive dissonance, based on this principle, we might predict that a. the more they are paid, the more likely their reviews will be positive. b. payment is unlikely to convince them to write positive reviews. c. if they are paid a small amount of money, they may rate the food honestly (negatively). d. if they are paid a large amount of money, they may rate the food honestly (negatively). d. Jona used to believe that leaving shopping carts strewn around the parking lot is rude and careless. However, one day she does this because she's too tired to return her cart properly. Now she believes this behavior is a good thing because customer convenience is important. This example shows how aversive feelings can a. strengthen our beliefs. b. Lucius is a scientist who has developed a new kind of especially effective sunscreen. He wants to persuade dermatologists, who are experts at treating skin conditions, that his sunscreen is worthwhile. He is most likely to succeed if he emphasizes a. how his sunscreen has been proven effective in clinical trials and why it works better than others based on its formula. b. how not using his sunscreen could lead to scary diseases such as severe sunburn or cancer. c. how his sunscreen is a wonderful product that will make doctors feel good about prescribing it and patients feel good for using it. d. how he is the most credible person to develop such a product because of his training and credentials as a scientist. a. When delivering a persuasive message, arousing negative emotions is risky mostly because a. it may cause the opposite result, in which the listener refuses to accept the possibility of negative consequences. b. it may cause the listener to associate negative emotions with the speaker rather than with the topic at hand. c. if the message is being assessed with the peripheral route, emotional appeals are ineffective. d. it is unlikely to cause the cognitive dissonance needed for attitude change. a. You've begun writing news stories for a social media blog. According to research on persuasion in social media, which of the following is most likely to cause readers to believe your stories? a. Emphasize that print journalists agree with you by including a list of affiliate newspapers and magazines. b. Appeal to older adults, especially those of the Baby Boomer generation or older. c. Show how many people agree with you by displaying a running count of how many visitors and positive comments you've had. d. Design your blog and news stories with as little sound and video as possible. c. A study on prejudice had participants listen to a radio broadcast of a basketball game. When players were described as "White" as opposed to "Black", participants rated the players as more a. athletic. b. Your 2nd-grade nephew says that his classmate Maria got 100% on a math test and he was surprised because he "thought girls weren't any good at math!" To counteract his belief in this stereotype, which of the following replies would be most effective? a. "It was a pretty easy test; I bet a lot of kids got 100%!" b. "Maria works really hard and she deserves that score!" c. "Maria's family is so helpful and makes sure she has quiet time to study!" d. "Maria's tutor is great. If you want to get better at math, we can get you a tutor too!" b. Door-in-the-face technique is best illustrated by which of the following examples? a. A furniture salesperson suggests you buy a new couch, chair, and matching end tables. When you decline, they offer just the chair. b. A bookshop employee says if you don't buy something soon, they'll kick you out of the store. c. An online musical instrument shop assigns you a "sales engineer", who then makes friendly chit-chat and sends you holiday cards. d. A TV infomercial first claims that an exercise bike is a "$1,000 value", then a moment later offers it for $699 if you order soon. a. Terrell is a civil engineer helping to build dams to protect against future floods in a coastal city. He thinks this is a great mission, which allows him to tolerate the unpleasant parts of the job, like working in humid, swampy conditions. In terms of obedience research, what is Terrell most likely experiencing a. the power of authority over personal ethics. c. One potential explanation for why we typically agree to requests by authority figures is that we respond to their legitimacy as authority figures in a general sense, regardless of the specific request and its context. Which of the following hypothetical findings, if confirmed by research, would most conflict with this explanation? a. Some kinds of authority figures promote more obedience in participants than others. b. Participants rarely ask authority figures for explanations as to the purpose of the request. c. Participants seem to comply more readily to authoritative body language than to official uniforms. d. Participants assume that requests made by an authority figure are somehow relevant to their job. d. A tech company believes that software engineers are more valuable than other types of employee. When the choice exists, they always hire a new software engineer rather than a new accountant, a new janitor, etc. This strategy backfires - the more software engineers they hire, the more often the company makes poor decisions. This outcome is most likely explained by a. groupthink. a. A professional football league is concerned that deindividuation is causing athletes to act more aggressively and increasing the risk of serious injuries. If this hypothesis is true, the best strategy is to a. give athletes smaller helmets so their faces are more clearly visible. b. change team uniforms by removing official logos or other signs of authority. c. change the sport's rules so that some players decide on acts of aggression, but others carry them out. d. add more players to each team, with previously aggressive teams getting the most extra players. a. Mark is excited to share the details of his new, surprisingly successful diet. He forwards some supportive articles about the diet to a group of fitness-minded friends who are skeptical of fad diets. Later on, Mark is distressed to learn that his friends are even more skeptical than before. Based on your understanding of group decision-making, what is the most likely explanation? a. The articles Mark sent were inflammatory or insulting toward the other side of the argument, making the group "dig their heels in" and strengthen their position. b. The articles Mark sent were actually credible in support of the diet; however, they also contained information that could contradict the diet, which was likely the main source of the group's position. c. The group correctly assessed the diet as a fad by synthesizing their individual knowledge, whereas Mark had no one to help him make his decision. d. The group had likely already reached a decision about this diet before Mark sent the articles, and conformity kept them from re-evaluating this decision. b. The mere exposure effect occurs when regular exposure to neutral or positive stimuli leads to a. increased liking of the stimuli. a. Which of the following relationships most clearly display a combination of intimacy and commitment? a. Janeane and Lucy, who have been "best friends" for decades, and often share their hopes and fears b. Tim and Patricia, who have been neighbors for years and often help each other with major household favors c. Laurence and Diego, who only met a few days ago but seem completely infatuated with one another d. Paige and her aunt, whom she doesn't feel that close to, but whom she is still helping during a bout of pneumonia a. Janelle is walking in the park with her young daughter. An angry-looking raccoon appears nearby and runs toward them. When it gets close and bares its teeth, Janelle kicks the raccoon away. This example best illustrates which type of aggression on Janelle's part? a. Maternal aggression b. Suppose two drunk men begin fighting at a bar. If the bar is very crowded that night, aggression research predicts that a. the men will display less aggression because the onlookers are potential reminders of their social ties to one another. b. the fight is less likely to escalate because onlookers are more likely to attempt to break up the fight. c. the fight is more likely to escalate because the onlookers are more likely to be encouraging the fight. d. the men will display more aggression because the crowd may trigger their need to impress or display dominance to the group. b. developmental psychology the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span conception fusion of a sperm and egg zygote -first 2 weeks embryo weeks 3-8 fetus -9 weeks to birth Why is the first 6 months of a fetus critical? during this time, determines the likelihood the fetus will survive.If it doesn't reach 6 months, it hasn't developed enough structure to survive birth prematurely tertogens agents that reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm What are the stages of prenatal development? zygote, embryo, fetus newborn -birth to 1 month What are the main behaviors of a newborn? mainly reflex responses which are genetically driven(sucking, swallowing, breathing, crying) Habituation decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it novel stimuli stimuli that are new, different, or unusual what are some novel stimuli for newborns? human faces, mom's voice, smells, taste maturation biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience; nature & nuture What is happening to the brain after birth? the neural network is developing; synaptic development between neurons What is happening to the around age 2(terrible twos)? the frontal lobe hasn't kicked, only simplistic emotional processing What is happening to the brain around ages 3-6? Frontal lobes starts to develop; rational & analytical thinking begins What is happening to the brain beyond age 6? develop associations; if they aren't using it they lose it critical period An optimal period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development(language;vision) If your brain did not have exposure to it... your brain will not use it in the future If you were blind growing up, what will the brain do to those neurons that was catered to vision? Your brain will assign those neurons to other things in your brain; hearing or smell Around 3 months what are you mainly remembering? Your environment sex the chromosomal dinstiction between males(XY) and females(XX); primarily genetics gender ones place on the masculinity to feminity spectrum/continumum(women/man,girl/boy,preferred nouns) gender identity the sense of ones own place on the masculinity-femininty spectrum/continumum gender is...
biologically driven & influenced by society Schema concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information; the title in front of the filing cabinet Assimilation interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas; taking a novel stimuli and joining it with an already existing schema accommodation adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information; happens when an already existing schema does not work in regards to a new object or situation -from birth to 2yr old sensorimotor stage object permanence the awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived(seen); occurs in first 8 months Why do newborns enjoy peek a boo? they lack object permanence -from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of
age preoperational stage conservation the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects ego centrism child's difficulty taking another's point of view -from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age concrete operational stage -age 12 to puberty formal operational stage temperament a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity What does it mean to have a easy temperament? cheerful & relaxed What does it mean to have a diifficult temperament? irritable,intense,bad mood Temperament is determined By genetics attachment styles is determined by genetic influences(temperament) & childhood experiences attachment bond between infant and caregiver At 8 months what happens in terms of social development? -attachment manifest Stranger anxiety is greatest at what age? 8 months secure attachment style an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked insecure attachment style less trusting, worried about being left, prone to jealousy; approaches relationships in a way that uses fear and uncertainity Starting from genetics to attachment styles, which determines each other. genetics-->temperament-->attachment style What is the most efficient parenting style? authoriative (high parental support & High behavioral regulation) What are the types of parenting styles? authoritarian, authoritative, uninvolved, indulgent parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child; "Do as I say, not as I do" authoritarian parenting style Parents are low on control, but high on acceptance. They have few rules and avoid controlling their children. Also called permissive;tries to be friends with child indulgent parenting style high on nurturing and they provide direction; considered warm, firm and fair. They encourage their children to be independent, they're accepting of child's talents and personalities. Their children tend to do better in school, are socially contempt and have relatively high self-esteem. Their kids are cooperative, but independent in personality. authoritative parenting style parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands uninvolved parenting style Puberty the period of sexual maturity; ability to reproduce What is a sign of puberty? -independence(pushing against parental guidance;talking back) During puberty, kid's model switch from: caregivers to friends/peers Why do adolescents going through puberty try drugs and alcohol for the first time? frontal lobe and limbic system starts to mature; they make emotional, irrational, and risky behaviors
Identity our sense of self What are adolescents identity influenced by? by the groups they are around; copy of behaviors of peers & family identity vs. role confusion -during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves; follow the behaviors of peers What is the most important thing for the success of any relationship? communication social psychology the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another in a social setting/environment How fast are first impressions made? less than 30 seconds What are first impressions determined by?(in western culture) attitudes(humor), eye contact, handshake, body language attribution theory explanation of the processes we use to judge our own and others' behavior dispositional attribution attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits; they did that behavior because thats the type of person they are... situational attribution attributing behavior to the environment;they did that behavior because of the environment that they are in correspondance bias the tendency to view behavior as the result of disposition even when the behavior can be explained by situational factors that contributed to it self-serving bias the tendency to perceive oneself favorably attitude a feeling you have toward something attitude is influenced by experience(operant conditioning & vicarious learning), adoption, and genetics cognitive consistency the state in which a person's thoughts and behaviors match his or her beliefs and the expectations of others cognitive dissonance When a person's actions contradicts/goes against their attitudes or beliefs Explain how smoking is an example of cognitive dissonance. People aren't suicidal or wish to harm themselves, however they still smoke even though they know its harming them peripheral route persuasion occurs when people are influenced by big/flashy cues; produce fast, but short-term changes in attitudes central route persuasion occurs when objective evidence is provided; produces long-term changes in attitudes foot-in-the-door phenomenon the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request door-in-the-face technique asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment cooperation putting people who don't like each other together for a cause & as a outcome they will like each other Roleplaying when you take on a new role at first you feel like you are "acting" soon you will actually feel and become the role; that role will become your reality Conformity Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. automatic mimicry(chameleon effect) Psychological copying of actions or behaviors; conforming to a belief, not matter if they actually believe/agree to it Obedience changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure Obedience Experiment proved what about humans? that it is easy for humans to comply/obey to a command as long if they are not held responsible for that action(No matter how unethical that command may be) social facilitation presence of others enhances performance social loafing the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable Deindividuation the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity(mob mentality,looting,internet trolls) group polarization the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group prejudice unjustified negative attitude toward a group and its members Which best describes the relationship between parenting styles and children's temperaments quizlet?Which statement BEST describes the relationship between parenting styles and children's temperaments? Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament.
How are temperament and parenting related?Based on studies conducted so far, findings suggest that child positive emotional reactivity, fearfulness, and self-regulation elicit warmth from parents, whereas child negative emotional reactivity results in more negative parental control.
Which parenting style might best be described as no warmth and controlling?Parenting styles have been characterized as authoritarian (high control, low warmth), authoritative (high control, high warmth), permissive (low control, high warmth), and neglectful (low control, low warmth).
Which parenting style might best be described as low warmth and high control group of answer choices?1. Authoritarian Parenting: Parenting behaviors and attitudes characterized by high levels of control and low levels of warmth (Baumrind, 1978) as measured by the Primary Caregivers Practices Report (Robinson et al., 1995).
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Which best describes the relationship between parenting styles and childrens temperaments Quizlet
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