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Terms in this set (96)Abnormal Behaviour Atypical or uncommon Socially unacceptable Distressing to the person who exhibits it or to the people around them Clinical significance The criterion for a psychological disorder in which the behaviour being evaluated includes a measurable degree of impairment that the clinician can observe Biopsychosocial perspective Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are seen as influencing the development of the individual Deinstitutionalization Movement In the 1960s hundreds of thousands of patients from mental hospitals moving into community settings Scientific Approach (19th century) Psychiatrists and psychologists proposed behaviour models that included explanations and medically based treatments for atypical behaviour Positive Psychology Movement The movement views psychological disorders as difficulties that inhibit the individual's ability to achieve highly subjective well-being and feelings of fulfillment DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Refers to the behaviours as reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes, supporting the view of mental disorders as reflecting biopsychosocial influences Clinical Utility
The diagnoses help guide clinicians in making decisions about treatment Biological Contributions Physical changes, injuries or harm caused to the body Inherited factors that alter the function of the nervous system Environmental influences that affect physical outcomes Psychological Contributions A larger constellation of factors influenced by physiological alternations interacting with exposure to certain environments Difficulty coping with stress, illogical fears, susceptibility to uncontrollable emotions Sociocultural Contributions Circles of influence from friends, family, institutions, policies and culture Interact in important ways with biological processes Discrimination limits peoples ability to experience psychological well-being as well as effects their mental wellbeing Hard to cope with symptoms of psycholgical disorders plus discrimination Double-blind An experimental procedure in which neither the person giving the treatment nor the person receiving the treatment knows whether the participant is in the experimental or control group Evidence-based treatment Treatment in which clients receive interventions based on the finding of controlled clinical studies Gene- mapping The approach used by biological researchers in which they examine variations in chromosomes and connect them to performance on psychological tests or diagnosis of specific disorders Clinician Child and Youth Care Practitioner The Role a Child and Youth Practitioner Resource for students who need help with social and emotional learning The Diagnostic Process A systematic approach to classifying the disorders clinicians see in clients Reliability The degree to which clinicians provide diagnoses consistently across individuals who have particular set of symtoms Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to principal diagnosis the disorder that is considered to be the primary reason the individual seeks professional help differential diagnosis a list of potential diagnoses compiled early in the assessment of the patient Comorbid The situation that occurs when multiple diagnostic conditions occur simultaneously within the same individual cultural formulation includes the clinician's assessment of the client's degree of identification with the culture of origin, the culture's beliefs about psychological disorders, the ways in which the culture interprets particular events, and the cultural supports available to the client Modality of Treatment Form in which the clinicians orders psychotherapy Remission Occurs when the individuals symptoms no longer interfere with his or her behaviour and are below those required for a DSM diagnosis Degrees in Psychology Psy D and Phd are doctoral degrees in psych The 'Client' does what is treatment "Client" reflects and collaborative process and active participation Psychiatrists and Psychologists have what kind of degree? Psychiatrists have a medical degree and trained in medicine. Psychologists usually possess a PhD The diagnostic process uses a ___________ to classify clients' disorders. systematic approach DSM5 is split in __ sections with __ chapters 3/22 The Z codes in the ICD indicate the presence of ____ and ____ problems presence of psychosocial and environmental problems ________ is used to find the factors that influence a patients current psychological state Case formulation The immediate goal of treating clients in crisis situation is to ensure that the ________ are managed the symptoms are managed _______________ in psychology involves choosing the best theoretical intervention to use in psychotherapy. Evidence-based practice Cultural Formulation includes the clinician's assessment of the client's degree of identification with the culture of origin, the culture's beliefs about psychological disorders, the ways in which the culture interprets particular events, and the cultural supports available to the client Psychological Assessments procedure in which a clinicians provides a forma; evaluation of an individual's cognitive, personality, and psychosocial functioning Structured interview Consists of a standard series of questions with predetermined wording and order Unstructured Interview Involves a series of open-ended questions Mental Status Examination A method of objectively assessing a client's behavior and functioning in a number of spheres with particular attention to the symptoms associated with psychological disturbance **Assess a client's current state of mind Mini-Mental State Examination structured tool that clinicians use as a brief screening device to assess neurocognitive disorders. If a client scores below a certain cutoff, the clinicians then continues to more through testing to determine cognitive impairments Intelligence Testing a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores Behavioral Assessment Measuring, observing, and systematically evaluating (rather than inferring) the client's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the actual problem situation or context. Target behaviours Behaviours that are the primary problems of concern. Standardization in psychological testing A given score on the test should have a meaning that is clearly different from another score. The same scoring procedures should be used for each person taking a test. The same instructions should be given each time a test is taken. Types of psychological assessment Employment assessment The ______ of a test indicates the consistency of the scores it produces reliability A client takes an MMPI-2 test in January and then takes the same test again in March. The scores each time are quite similar. This illustrates the concept of ______ RELIABILITY Unstructured clinical interview It is the least formal version of the clinical interview. The client's body language is usually observed. It consists of a series of open-ended questions. A clinical interview that guides clinicians each step of the way and is designed specifically to assess DSM-5 symptoms is the ________. SCID-5-CV. Advantage of structured interview It is less subject to variation. There are alternate versions for clinical and research purposes. Anyone with proper training can administer it. Wechsler Intelligence Scales The scales were originally developed in 1939 and published in 1955. These tests were originally developed for use in clinical settings. There is an adult version, a version for children, and a version for preschoolers What is tested during a mental status examination Perception, judgment and thought processes The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for preschoolers is the ____________ WPPSI-III advantage of a self report inventory it is easy to administer and score, and so a large number of people can take it efficiently. MMPI-2 It is a personality inventory. The three _________ scales of the MMPI attempt to guard against people feigning exceptional psychological health or illness. validity
The MMPI-2 is a popular self-report inventory that has ____ true-false statements that describe a person's thoughts, behaviors, feelings, and attitudes. 567 The MMPI scales which correspond to major diagnostic categories are called the _________ scales clinical The newest version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the ____________ MMPI-2-RF. The PAI consists of ___ items organized into ___ scales 344/11 The SCL-90-R produces ___ overall symptom scales 9 The MMPI-2-RF has____ items, and offers scores for overall emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning. 338 advantages of the Personality Assessment Inventory It can be used with clients who may not have the reading skills necessary to complete the MMPI. NEO Personality Inventory It is less oriented to clinical use. It has 240 items that measure five personality dimensions. It is designed for both a test-taker and people who know the test-taker. In behavioral observation, an event that precedes the behavior that is being focused on is referred to as the __________ antecedent When utilizing in vivo observation, clinicians record behavior in __________ a natural context. Events that follow a behavior are called ____________ behavior consequence Barnum Effect: Named about circus owner P.T Barnum The tendency for clinicians unintentionally to make generic and vague statements about their clients that do not characterize the individual Most likely to encounter these in a horoscope or fortune cookie Regarding the study of abnormal behavior, the __________ domain includes particular experiences within a person's life. psychological Who was considered the founder of American psychiatry? Benjamin Rush The basic premise of experimental design is that it can determine whether one variable influences another variable The first modern scientifically based classification system for abnormal behavior was developed by Emil Kraepelin.
In medication studies, a(n) _______ placebo is one that does not resemble or lead to the same side effects as the actual medication being given to the treatment group. inert Which key feature establishes a foundation for evidence-based treatment? A randomized controlled trial Clinical significance is best understood as a behavior that involves an impairment that a clinician can observe. The Pathology and Therapy of Mental Disorders was written by ______, who proposed that psychological disorders were the result of neuropathologies. Wilhelm Greisinger Which approach is considered the gold standard in psychological research? Randomized controlled trial (RCT) Mr. Frank, a 68-year-old veteran, is no longer able to handle his finances, manage his medications, or schedule his own appointments. He arrived late to session, and his hygiene was poor. His behavioral impairment, per observation of his therapist, meets criteria for clinical significance. The ______ movement was a direct result of the work done by Dorthea Dix, who felt that merely treating people well was sufficient to treat mental illness mental hygiene Mental Hygiene Movement Founder Dorthea Dix Which of the following improvements to the treatment of the mentally ill did Benjamin Rush advocate? Giving
patients occupational therapy. ______ was a schoolteacher from Massachusetts who started a campaign to build more public mental health hospitals. Dorothea Dix Dr. Williams wishes to conduct a study about schizophrenia. Because he can't just assign a group of participants to the schizophrenia study if they have not been diagnosed with the disorder, he will be conducting a quasi-experiment. The basic premise of experimental design is that it can determine whether one variable influences another variable. Positive early childhood experiences, including proper nutrition, adequate health care, and loving care givers, can serve as early risk_________ factors against mental health disorders protective One aspect of doing research about abnormal behavior is that we cannot truly have an independent variable. In medieval Europe, people with abnormal behaviors were often felt to be possessed by evil spirits. A common method of treatment was ______, a form of physical and mental torture conducted by priests and designed to eliminate the spirits from the afflicted person's body. exorcism The ______ has a strong developmental viewpoint -- individuals changing over time -- when it comes to the causes of abnormal behavior. biopsychosocial perspective During the Middle Ages, the view that the mentally ill were possessed by evil spirits was offered in the book ______________ the book Malleus Maleficarum. Like many other ideas of how to treat and care for people with mental illnesses, ______ often failed to meet early expectations, mostly because of a lack of funds and planning. the deinstitutionalization movement placebo condition condition in an experiment in which participants receive a treatment similar to the experimental treatment, but lacking the key feature of the treatment of interest double-blind experiment an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment quasi-experiment An experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large. Also called a mixed design. In prehistoric times, a common practice to cure people of mental illnesses was to bore a hole in their skulls to allow evil spirits to escape. This is called trephining. The immediate goal of treating clients in a _____ situation is to ensure that the symptoms are managed, particularly if the clients are a risk to themselves or others. crisis True or false: The DSM-5 uses a multiaxial system to characterize individuals in a multidimensional way. fasle Other sets by this creatorCHYS 3P09 Exam66 terms Hailey_Plant5 CHYS 2P52 Midterm56 terms Hailey_Plant5 Philosophy: December Exam75 terms Hailey_Plant5 Sociology63 terms Hailey_Plant5 Verified questionspsychology Which of the following statements is false? a. Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression. b. Someone suffering from depression will get better only with therapy or medication. c. Compared with men, women are nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression. d. Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression. e. With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people. Verified answer psychology Provide two examples of how nature and nurture interact to affect an individual's physical health. Verified answer
psychology Match the term below with its correct definition. sleep apnea A. breathing interruption that occurs during sleep B. the inability to sleep C. drug that increases the activity of the nervous system D. drug that slows the activity of the nervous system E. a system that provides information about something happening in the body F. sleep stage characterized by irregular breathing increased blood pressure, and faster heart rate G. method some people use to try to narrow their consciousness so that stresses of the outside world fade away H. a state of consciousness in which a person's sense of self or sense of the world changes I. awareness of things inside and outside ourselves J. the removal of a harmful substance from the body K. after a person takes a drug for a while, the body craves it to feel normal L. a feeling of great happiness or well-being Verified answer psychology Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between happiness and wealth? a. Rapidly increasing wealth is associated with a slight decrease in happiness because of relative deprivation. b. Increased wealth increases happiness equally for almost everybody. c. There is no relationship between wealth and happiness. d. Gradually increasing wealth is associated with a slight decrease in happiness because of the adaptation-level phenomenon. e. Increased wealth increases happiness for people who don’t have enough money to meet their basic needs. Verified answer Other Quizlet setsnew terms bio 223 terms Kathryn_Buckner Criminal Law Exam Chapter 3-552 terms JordanThorpe69 Water, Electrolyte, Acid Base Balance Ch 2417 terms Kristen_McFarlane What approach is considered the gold standard in psychological research?The laboratory experiment is traditionally considered the “gold standard” in psychology research. This is because only laboratory experiments can clearly separate cause from effect and therefore establish causality.
What is the gold standard of scientific research quizlet?The "gold standard" for research design is the randomized, control group design, which is a type of experimental design.
What is traditionally considered to be the gold standard in causal research?LEARNING POINTS. While expensive and time consuming, RCTs are the gold-standard for studying causal relationships as randomization eliminates much of the bias inherent with other study designs.
What is generally considered to be the gold standard of clinical outcome studies?Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are regarded as the gold standard of scientific evidence, and for good reason. By randomising a treatment across study arms, RCTs eliminate patient-treatment selection bias, resulting in reliable causal inference.
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Which approach is considered the gold standard in psychological research quizlet?
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