What similarities and differences can you identify between the nursing process and the research process?

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Nursing research -unit 1
B.sc Nursing-III year

Nursing research -unit 1
B.sc Nursing-III year

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1. 1. NURSING RESEARCH UNIT I- RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS -Introduction and Need for Nursing Research - Definition of Research and nursing research - Steps of Scientific Method -Characteristics of good research - Steps of Research Process- Overview Prepared By: Mrs.AKILA.A ,M.Sc (N); M.Sc (PSY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
2. 2. INTRODUCTION Nursing is an emerging profession. Nursing is required to develop, maintain and improve health of all the individuals. Nursing Professionals, constituting the major health care force have an important role in providing quality care to the patients. Nurses are responsible for their practice, so we should have a sound rationale for actions, based on knowledge that is gained through scientific research.
3. 3. MEANING OF RESEARCH AND NURSING RESEARCH • The word research is composed of prefix 're' and a verb 'search' ,re means once gain, anew or fresh, and search means to look for something or examine closely and carefully, to look for information, to set and try, or to prove. Therefore, research means close and careful examinations of facts and their relationship to discover new knowledge. • The ultimate purpose of nursing is to provide high quality patient care. Clinical nursing practice without research is based on tradition without empirical evidences.
4. 4. RESEARCH Research = search again or to examine carefully Definition Diligent, systematic inquiry or study to validate and refine existing knowledge and develop new knowledge Goal Development of body of knowledge.
5. 5. RESEARCH • Research is defined as a systematic or scientific process to answer to questions about facts and relationship between facts. It is an activity involved in seeking answer to unanswered questions. • Research is systematic method of exploring, describing, explaining, relating or establishing the existence of phenomenon , that factors that cause change in the phenomenon and how the phenomenon influences other phenomena.
6. 6. DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH • Nursing research refers to the use of Systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation in attempting to discover or confirm facts that relate to specific problem or question about the practice. - Walls & Bauzell, 1981. • It is a way of identify new knowledge, improve professional education and practices and use of resources effectively. - International Council of Nurses, 1986.
7. 7. NEED AND PURPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH Develop, refine, and extend the scientific base of knowledge, which is required for quality nursing care, education and administration. Enhance the body of professional knowledge in nursing. Provide foundation for evidenced based nursing practices. Help in expansion of knowledge. Enhance the professional identity as research is an essential component of any profession
8. 8. CONTD.. Define the parameters of nursing. Refine and eliminate old knowledge. Identify nursing care practices that make a differences in health care status of individuals and are cost effective. Enhance accuracy Develop and refine nursing theories and principles. Solve the problems or answer questions.
9. 9. METHODS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE Problem solving method Scientific method Research
10. 10. METHODS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE Unstructure d methods Tradition Authority Intuition Experience trial & Error. Structured methods Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Assembled information, Problem solving, Scientific methods/ research.
11. 11. ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE IN NURSING Traditi on Authority Borrowi ng Trial & Error Role – Modelin g Intuition Reasoni ng
12. 12. TRADITION Include ‘truths’ or ‘beliefs’ that are based on customs and past trends. e.g. Cardiac patients are required to take sponge bath throughout hospitalization.
13. 13. AUTHORITY: A person with expertise and power, able to influence opinion and behaviour Nurse Theorists Educationists Clinical experts Instructors
14. 14. BORROWING Nursing knowledge is a combination of information borrowed from disciplines such as Medicine, Sociology, Psychology, Physiology, Education, etc. Direct borrowing Integrating and applying information
15. 15. TRIAL AND ERROR • An approach with unknown outcomes that is used in situation of uncertainty in which other sources of knowledge are unavailable
16. 16. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Gaining knowledge by being personally involved in an event, situation or circumstance.
17. 17. Benner’s 5 levels of experience - (1984) Novice Advanced beginner Competent Proficient Expert
18. 18. ROLE MODEL • Learning by initiating the behaviours of an expert • Role models include • Admired Teachers • Expert Clinicians • Researchers • Individuals who inspire
19. 19. INTUTION • Learning by initiating the behaviours of an expert Role models include admired teachers, expert clinicians, researchers or individuals who inspire students through their example.
20. 20. REASONING • The processing and organising of ideas in order to reach conclusions. Here people are able to make sense of their thoughts and experiences.
21. 21. REASONING • Inductive reasoning Moves from specific to general particular instances are observed and their continued into a larger whole or general statement. • Deductive reasoning Moves from general to specific or from a general premise to a particular situation or conclusion
22. 22. METHODS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE: • Scientific method • Problem solving method Scientific method: • It is an objective, logical and a systemic method aims at discovering facts and is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer new questions. • Example: cause and effect relationship.
23. 23. SCIENTIFIC METHODS • It is defined as controlled, systematic investigations, that are rooted in objective reality and that aim to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena. Purposes of scientific Methods • The basic purposes of scientific methods are description, exploration, prediction, control, explanation, prescription and identification of relationship of the facts
24. 24. 5 basic concepts of scientific method: • It relies on empirical evidence • It utilises relevant concepts • Committed to only objective consideration • Results in probabilistic predictions • Testing the conclusions through replication
25. 25. CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD: • It is based on empirical evidence (based on observation or experience ) • It is based on objective observation (bias free, observation). • It utilizes relevant concepts • It follows ethical norms • It is systematic (planned step by step). • It results in predictions (anticipating outcome). • It is based on critical & logical analysis of facts. • It is replicable (test result or conclusion again & again). • It formulates base for development of scientific theories.
26. 26. STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD: IDENTIFICATION & STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM COLLECTI ON OF FACTS CLASSIFICATION & ORGANIZATION OF THE FACTS FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS DEDUCING THE CONSEQU ENCES VERFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
27. 27. STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD: • Certain phenomena are observed. • A problem situation which there is in noted and clarified. • Crude relationship are tentatively identified and elaborated. • A more or less formal hypothesis is derived and design is developed to test a hypothesis. • The hypothesis is verified or refused. • The results are subjected to further tests and refinements. • Finally the results are integrated with previous concepts of science.
28. 28. LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD Moral or ethical problem1 Human comexity2 Measurement problems3 External variable control problems4
29. 29. PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS PROBLEM DEFINITIO N PROBLEM ANALYSIS GENERATING POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS ANALYZING THE SOLUTIONSSELECTING THE BEST SOLUTION IMPLEMENTIN G THE SOLUTION EVALUATION AND REVISION
30. 30. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH Orderly and systematic process Based on current professional issues Begin with clearly defined purposes Emphasize to develop, refine and expand professional knowledge. Directed towards development or testing theories Finding solution of problem Dedicated to develop empirical evidence Strive to collect first- hand information /data An objective and logical process
31. 31. Generate findings to refine and improve professional practices Use of appropriate methodology Conducted on representative sample conducted through appropriate use of methods and tools of data collection Use of valid and reliable data collection tools Carefully recorded and reported Adequately and appropriately analyzed research patiently carried out activity Researcher's expertise, interest, motivation and courage Adequately communicated
32. 32. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN NURSING Accountable to society for providing high quality care Documents effectiveness of nursing intervention Promotes positive patient outcomes Improves the delivery of health care services Provides scientific basis for description explanation, prediction and control of practice
33. 33. Research helps to….. Describe Explain Predict Control
34. 34. DESCRIPTION Identifying the nature and attributes of nursing phenomena and the relationships among them. e.g. “Post hospitalization concerns of Medical-Surgical patients”(Boyle et al, 1992) Most important concerns identified were • Understanding the progress patients were making • Deciding how much activity is good
35. 35. EXPLAIN Relationships among variable are classified and the reasons why certain events occur are identified. e.g: “Risk factors associated with development of pressure ulcers on elderly.” Kemp et al, 1993 Risk factors identified were: • Type of support surface • Level of mobility
36. 36. PREDICT Estimate the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation. It may not modify or control the outcome. e.g. “Effects of attendance and effort on the cognition and physical functioning of older adults involved in a long term exercise program” Findings Patient's attendance and efforts scores were prediction of their health perception and physical functioning
37. 37. CONTROL Ability to produce the desired outcome by manipulation of the situation. e.g.: “Back massage to promote comfort and relaxation in hospice patients” Findings proved that slow stroke back massage was helpful for terminally ill patients
38. 38. RELEVANT TERMS IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative Research : Is a formal, objective systematic process for generating information about the world. Basic research : (Pure research) Is a scientific investigation that involves pursuit of “Knowledge for knowledge’s sake” or for the pleasure of learning and funding truth (Nagel 1961)
39. 39. Applied Research (Practical research) Is a scientific investigation conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical practice (Abdellah & Levine, 1979) Rigor The striving for excellence in research and involves discipline, adherance to detail and strict accuracy. Rigor ensures reasoning and precision in conducting the study.
40. 40. Control : Involves the imposing of “rules” by the researcher to decrease the possibility of error and thus increase the probability that the study’s findings are an accurate reflection of reality. Sampling: Process of selecting subjects (people, events, behaviors or other elements) that are representative of the population being studied
41. 41. RESEARCH SETTINGS The setting is the location where the study is conducted. Natural setting (field setting) is an uncontrolled real-life situation. Here the researcher does not manipulate or change the environment for the study Partially controlled setting Is an environment that is manipulated or modified in some way by the researcher Highly controlled setting Is an artificially constructed environment developed for the sole purpose of conducting research, used extensively for experimental and quasi experimental studies
42. 42. RESEARCH PROBLEM Situation in need of solution, improvement or alteration (Adebo, 1974) Or Discrepancy between the way things are and the way they ought to be (Diers, 1979) The problem is an area of concern for a particular population that requires study.
43. 43. LITERATURE REVIEW To generate a picture of what is known and not known about a particular problem.
44. 44. STUDY FRAME WORK • Is the abstract, theoretical basis for a study that enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing’s body of knowledge. Theory consists of an integrated set of defined concepts and relational statements, that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict or control the phenomenon.
45. 45. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Is a clear, concise, declarative statement that is expressed in present tense. For clarity, an objective usually focuses on one or two variables and indicates whether they are to be identified or described.
46. 46. RESEARCH PROBLEM • Is a concise interrogative statement that is worded in the present tense and includes one or more variables (or concepts).
47. 47. HYPOTHESIS Formal statement of the expected relationship(s) between two or more variables in specified population. Translates research problems and purpose into clear explanations or predictions Includes variables to be manipulated or measured Identifies the population to be examined Indicates the type of research Directs the conduct of the study
48. 48. VARIABLES Variables are concepts of various levels of abstraction that are measured, manipulated or controlled in a study. Concrete concepts : Temperature, Weight, Blood Pressure etc., Abstract concepts : Creativity, empathy, Social support. Variables are described by the conceptual and operational definitions.
49. 49. Conceptual definition provides a variable with a theoretical meaning of and is derived from a theorists definition or is developed through concept analysis. Operational definition is developed so the variable can be measured or manipulated in a study.
50. 50. Example: Sensation of dyspnea Conceptual definition : Subjective perception of uncomfortable breathing, which is a stressful situation that requires appraisal. Operational definition : Interviews were conducted with open ended question and forced-choice terms that focused on the subjects descriptions (Physical and emotional sensations) of dyspnea.
51. 51. ASSUMPTIONS Statements that are taken for granted or are considered true even though they have not been scientifically tested. Assumptions are embedded (unrecognised) in thinking and behavior, and uncovering these assumptions requires introspection. Recognition of assumption by the researches is a strength, not a weakness. Eg.: “Increased knowledge about an event lowers anxiety about the event.
52. 52. • Limitations are restrictions in a study that may decrease credibility and generalizability of the findings. • Generalization is the extension of the implications of the research findings from the sample to be on larger population
53. 53. RESEARCH DESIGN • Blueprint for the conduct of the study that maximises control over factors that could interfere with the outcome.
54. 54. POPULATION: All elements(individuals, objects or substances) that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a study (Kerlenger, 1986)
55. 55. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING Sample is a subject of the population that is selected for a particular study ; the members of a sample are the subjects. Sampling defines the process for selecting a group of people, events, behaviors or other elements with which to conduct a study. E.g. “A convenience sample (sampling method) of 23 males and 16 females (sample size) aged 7 to 13 years with documented asthma and episodes of wheezing (sample criteria) (Cairieri et al., 1991)
56. 56. MEASUREMENT Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to objects events or situations in accordance with some rule(Kaplan, 1964). Nominal-scale measurement Ordinal – Scale measurement Interval – Scale measurement Ratio – Scale measurement
57. 57. Reliability: How consistently the measurement technique measures the concept of interest. Validity: A determination of the extent to which the instrument actually reflects the abstract concept or construct being examined
58. 58. Data Collection : Precise, systematic gathering of information relevant to the research purpose or the specific objectives, questions or hypothesis of a study. Observations, interviews, questionnaires scales or physiologic instruments. Consent from the setting, agency where study is conducted and subjects should always be obtained.
59. 59. Data analysis : Conducted to reduce, organize and give meaning to the dataDescriptive and inferential analyses Frequency distributions (ungrouped, grouped, percentages) Measures of central tendency(mean, median, mode). Measures of dispersion(range, variance, standard deviation etc.,), Chi-square tests of independence, ‘ t’tests, Analysis of variance(anova) etc.,
60. 60. Research Outcomes: The results obtained from data analysis are interpreted to make them meaningful. Interpretation: Examining the results from data analysis, forming conclusions, exploring significance of findings, and suggesting further studies.
61. 61. RESEARCH REPORTS • Research reports are major resource of new knowledge and the amount of research information available continues to escalate.
62. 62. RESEARCH PROCESS • Research process is a vigorous, impersonal mode of procedure dictated by the demands of the logic and objective procedure. • Research process is the examination and analysis of systematically gathered facts about the particular problem. Aim: • Discovery or validation of the knowledge. It is the systematic way of problem solving.
63. 63. STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS: Research Problem and Purpose Literature review Study Framework Objectives, questions or hypotheses Study variables Assumptions
64. 64. STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: According to Polit, there are 5 phases in Research Process. 1.Conceptual Phase 2.Designing and Planning Phase 3.Empirical Phase 4.Analytical Phase 5.Disseminating Phase
65. 65. STEPS IN CONCEPTUAL PHASE I.CONCEPTUAL PHASE: 1.Formulating and delimiting the problem 2. Review of literature 3. Undertaking clinical field work 4. Defining framework and developing conceptual definitions 5. Formulating Hypothesis
66. 66. STEPS IN DISSEMINATING PHASE II.DESIGNING/ PLANNING PHASE 6. Selecting a research design 7. Developing Protocols for the intervention 8. Identifying the Population to be studied 9. Designing the sampling Plan 10. Specifying the methods to measure the research variables 11. Developing methods to safeguarding human / animal rights 12. Finalizing and reviewing the Research Plan
67. 67. STEPS IN EMPIRICAL PHASE III. EMPIRICAL PHASE: 13. Collecting the data 14. Preparing the data for analysis
68. 68. STEPS IN ANALYTICAL PHASE IV.THE ANALYTICAL PHASE: 15. Analysing the data 16. Interpreting the results
69. 69. STEPS IN DISSEMINATION PHASE V. THE DISSEMINATION PHASE: 17. Communicating the findings 18. Utilizing the findings in Practice
70. 70. MAJOR STEPS IN QUALITATIVE STUDY: PHASE 1: CONCEPTUALIZING AND PLANNING A QUALITATIVE STUDY • Identifying the research problem • Doing literature review • Selecting and gaining entry in to research sites • Research design(qualitative) • Addressing ethical issues
71. 71. PHASE 2 : CONDUCTING THE QUALITATIVE STUDY: • Establishing ethical considerations • Plan tools for data collection • Data collection • Organise the data for analysis • Analysis and interpretation
72. 72. PHASE 3: DISSEMINATING THE QUALITATIVE FINDINGS • Communicating the findings • Utilising the findings in practice.

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