memory is an information processing system, a set of processes used to encode, store and retrieve information over different periods of time Show input of information into memory system – automatic and effortless processing recall something quite easily – details like time, space, frequency and the meaning of words; done without conscious awareness requires a lot of work and attention in order to encode the information, eg studying for a test retention of encoded information, creation of a permanent record of information getting the information out of memory and back into awareness access information without cues identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again, process of comparison learning information that you previously learned, typically will come much quicker the 2nd time encoding of words and their meaning, first demonstrated by William Bousfield, involves a deeper level of processing than the shallower visual or acoustic encoding encoding of images, can recall images more easily than words alone, high imagery vs low imagery words encoding of sounds, words in particular, learn alphabet via song and months of year via rhyme storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds and tastes – brief, up to a couple seconds, sensory information we do not view as valuable we discard; if viewed as valuable will move into short-term memory three stages of memory storage (first proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin):
temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory, a component of a working memory, lasts 15-30 seconds – holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used continuous storage of information, capacity believed to be unlimited, includes everything you can remembered that happened more than just a few minutes ago – memories organized in semantic networks moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory, linking new information you are trying to learn to existing information that you already know different types of long term memories
long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness, learned outside of awareness and cannot be consciously recalled, demonstrated in the performance of some tasks (includes procedural, priming and emotional conditioning memories) those we consciously try to remember, recall and report – sometimes called declarative memory because can be put into words, can sometimes require prompts studied using observable behaviors, stores information about the way to do something, and it is the memory for skilled actions a type of explicit memory, knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts – typically reported as facts a type of explicit memory, information about events we have personally experienced, usually reported as a story, memories about happenings in particular places at particular times; includes visual imagery and feeling of familiarity
equipotentiality hopothesis if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function Main locations in brain involved in memory amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex Describe the role of the hippocampus in forming declarative memories involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory; project information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other memories the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory; repeated activity by neurons leads to increased neurotransmitters in the synapses and more efficient and more synaptic connections (how memory consolidation occurs) loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma commonly caused by brain trauma, cannot remember new information, although can remember information and events that happened prior to the injury; inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory/to consolidate memories; likely cannot form new episodic or semantic memories but can form new procedural memories loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma Discuss how the misinformation effect paradigm contributes to the unreliability of eyewitness testimony
Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory
storage decay, unused information tends to fade with passage of time Seven Sins: Absentmindedness lapses of memory caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else can’t access stored information, on the “tip of my tongue” Seven Sins: Misattribution confuse the source of information Seven Sins: Suggestibility creation of false memories comes from someone else feelings and views of the world can actually distort memory of past events keep remembering something, to the point where can’t “get out of head” and it interferes with ability to concentrate on other things, involuntarily recalling unwanted memories when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information conscious repetition of information to be remembered organize information into manageable bits or chunks – good for dates and phone numbers technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory – linking to information already stored and repeating (e.g., acronyms, acrostics): memory aids that help us organize information for encoding, useful for large bits of information such as steps, stages, phases and parts of a system a technique whereby the student distributes his/her study effort in a given course over many study sessions that are relatively short in duration. This can be compared to massed practice (otherwise known as cramming) whereby the student conducts few but long study sessions for a given course Input of information into the memory system Marshawn prioritizes sleep to help him transfer new learning into long-term memory A type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience Charles can still perform the dance from his high school talent show thanks to his Your memory of graduating high school is a(n) Memories that are not part of our consciousness Memories we consciously try to remember and recall Lucia arrives at the grocery store and discovers that she forgot her shopping list at home. She does her best to remember the items on the list. When she gets home she finds that she remembered the items at the beginning and end of the list, but forgot the items in the middle of the list. Lucia is demonstrating the: serial position effect The serial position effect refers to our tendency to recall the first and last items on a list best. At the beginning of each new year, Phil finds himself writing the previous year on all of his homework assignments. Why does Phil make this mistake when writing the date? proactive interference Proactive interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information. Eyewitnesses, such as Bernice, can inadvertently tweak and reconstruct their memories after accidents or crimes. This is known as the: misinformation effect After exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event. This is known as the misinformation effect. Memories that are recalled automatically without conscious effort, such as riding a bike, are classified as ____ memories. implicit Implicit memories are recalled without conscious effort. Procedural memories are in this category. Rosco is at the mall when he sees one of his coworkers. He has met this person several times but cannot seem to remember their name. Rosco is suffering from: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as blocking and occurs when access to a memory is temporarily blocked. This can occur for a variety of reasons, such as a lack of retrieval cues. I am trying to learn the names of all of the countries. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory. Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice. The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones. In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. After spending two hours studying, Daryl goes to bed early to get plenty of sleep. This is because he knows it will help him convert the information he just learned from short-term to long-term memory. This process is known as: Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. Liza uses _____ to help her recall information. For example, she remembers that the temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information because temporal contains the word “tempo,” which reminds her of music. What is the correct order of the three basic processes of memory? encoding, storage, retrieval What was the overall result of Lashley's research that sought out the engram of human memory? He found no evidence that an engram actual exists. When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. misinformation effect paradigm As the Dawson family sits down to Thanksgiving dinner, grandpa begins to tell the story of how he met grandma. She invited him to Thanksgiving dinner at her house after learning he was away from home. What type of memory is grandpa using? Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. Ella has suffered a head injury. She is no longer able to form new long-term memories. She is suffering from: You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________. While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her previous address prevented her from accurately remembering her current address. This is an example of: Sly is assigned a locker in gym class with the combination 19, 5, 4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering involves: From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important? It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory. Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report? What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? Jaime is able to hum the tune to his favorite song because it has been _____ encoded in his memory. What brain structure serves as a temporary storage bin for episodic and semantic memories? What kind of memory involves storage of brief events quizlet?Short-term memory takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory. Short-term memory storage lasts about 20 seconds.
What is semantic memory?Introduction. Semantic memory refers to our general world knowledge that encompasses memory for concepts, facts, and the meanings of words and other symbolic units that constitute formal communication systems such as language or math.
What is episodic memory?Episodic memory refers to the conscious recollection of a personal experience that contains information on what has happened and also where and when it happened. Recollection from episodic memory also implies a kind of first-person subjectivity that has been termed autonoetic consciousness.
What type of memory is used to store life events?Episodic memory is associated with the events that take place in the life of an individual. These memories are stored in the limbic system of the brain.
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What kind of memory involves storage of brief events such as sights sounds tastes?
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