What is the most common operating system that is used on laptops and desktop computers?

What is an Operating System?

An operating system is the most important software which runs on a computer. It controls the computer's memory, processes and all software and hardware. Several computer programs normally run at the same time, all of which need to access the computer's processor (CPU), memory, and storage. It is the operating system that is responsible for coordinating all this and enabling all applications to get what they need.

The kernel in an operating system is the part of the system that directly controls the hardware.

The other two main parts to an operating system are:

• Basic applications - For tasks such as file management, system configuration and networking
• User interface - Which gives access to the operating system's functions.

In some cases, including in the case of MacOS and Windows, the graphical user interface is considered to be part of the operating system. In other cases, as in the case of Linux, it is possible to choose from alternative graphical shells for the same operating system.

Operating systems usually come pre-installed on all computers. Most people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it is also possible to upgrade or even change the operating system. The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux.

A distinction is made between operating systems for general computers such as PCs and servers, and operating systems for specialised equipment such as routers and switches. General operating systems are categorised according to whether they will primarily be used on PCs, servers or mobile devices, such as tablets and smartphones.

Operating systems were developed to run on desktops and laptops. As a result, mobile devices such as mobile phones, tablets and MP3 players are different from desktops and laptops. Mobile devices use operating systems which are designed specifically for them. Examples of mobile operating systems are Apple iOS and Google Android.

The choice of operating system determines the range of applications that can be run on a computer. The functional area of general operating systems has expanded over time, and they have now taken over many tasks that were previously left to dedicated applications. Examples include networking tasks and the displaying of images.

Examples of some operating systems are: Linux, Windows XP, Windows NT, DOS, Unix, Windows 10, Mac OS, ubuntu, Solaris.

Cegal and Operating system

We do not work directly with operating systems, but we have plenty of experience of them. We primarily manage Linux and Windows for our customers by, for example, implementing upgrades and applying patches (program codes to correct bugs or add new functionality).

Lesson 8: Understanding Operating Systems

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What is an operating system?

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's language. Without an operating system, a computer is useless.

Watch the video below to learn more about operating systems.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

The operating system's job

Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each program gets what it needs.

Types of operating systems

Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you buy. Most people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating systems. The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text.

Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. There have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.

Check out our tutorials on Windows Basics and specific Windows versions for more information.

macOS

macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs. Some of the specific versions include Mojave (released in 2018), High Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016).

According to StatCounter Global Stats, macOS users account for less than 10% of global operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Windows users (more than 80%). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people do prefer the look and feel of macOS over Windows.

Check out our macOS Basics tutorial for more information.

Linux

Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it. The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions—or versions—you can choose from.

According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2% of global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize.

To learn more about different distributions of Linux, visit the Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and Fedora websites, or refer to our Linux Resources. For a more comprehensive list, you can visit MakeUseOf's list of The Best Linux Distributions.

Operating systems for mobile devices

The operating systems we've been talking about so far were designed to run on desktop and laptop computers. Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players are different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS and Google Android. In the screenshot below, you can see iOS running on an iPad.

Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully featured as those made for desktop and laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software. However, you can still do a lot of things with them, like watch movies, browse the Web, manage your calendar, and play games.

To learn more about mobile operating systems, check out our Mobile Devices tutorials.

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