LanguageLanguage is a rule-governed behavior. It is defined as the comprehension and/or use of a spoken (i.e., listening and speaking), written (i.e., reading and writing), and/or other communication symbol system (e.g., American Sign Language). Show
Spoken and written language are composed of receptive (i.e., listening and reading) and expressive (i.e., speaking and writing) components. Spoken language, written language, and their associated components (i.e., receptive and expressive) are each a synergistic system comprised of individual language domains (i.e., phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) that form a dynamic integrative whole (Berko Gleason, 2005). Descriptions of the five language domains follow:
The five basic language domains are part of a continuum which spans to higher order language skills, such as discourse, which is impacted by skills in the pragmatics domain. Higher order language skills include inferencing; comprehension monitoring; interpretation of complex language, such as jokes and puns; and use of text structure knowledge. Metalinguistic awareness is requisite for the development of higher order language skills and is defined as "the ability to think about and reflect upon language" (Gillon, 2004, p. 10). Metalinguistic awareness includes phonological awareness, morphological awareness, syntactic awareness, semantic awareness, and pragmatic awareness. Metalinguistic skills are also critical for self-regulation and self-monitoring.
See ASHA’s resource titled Developmental Norms for Speech and Language for more information. Language Acquisition and UseLanguage learning and use are determined by the interaction of biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Language evolves within specific historical, social, and cultural contexts. Communication difference/dialect is a variation of a linguistic symbol system used by a group of individuals that reflects and is determined by shared regional, social, or cultural/ethnic factors (ASHA, 1993). Effective use of language for communication requires an understanding of human interaction, including nonverbal cues, motivation, and sociocultural roles. Relationship Between Spoken Language and Written LanguagePhonological awareness underlies the ability to manipulate speech sounds (i.e., phonemes) in spoken words. It has been found to contribute notably to reading and writing development (Al Otaiba, Puranik, Zilkowski, & Curran, 2009; Lemons & Fuchs, 2010; Scarborough, 1998). Components of phonological awareness include syllable awareness (e.g., one syllable in "cap" vs. two syllables in "again"), onset-rime awareness (e.g., onset: cap vs. rime: cap), and phoneme awareness (e.g., "cap" contains three phonemes: /k/ + /æ/ + /p/) When instruction in phonological awareness is paired with knowledge of letter names (i.e., graphemic awareness), then phonics, a core written language skill for reading and writing development, is being addressed. See ASHA’s Practice Portal pages on Spoken Language Disorders and Written Language Disorders for more information. Language DisorderA language disorder is an impairment in comprehension and/or use of a spoken, written, and/or other communication symbol system (e.g., American Sign Language). The disorder may involve the form of language (phonology, morphology, syntax), the content of language (semantics), and/or the function of language in communication (pragmatics) in any combination (ASHA, 1993). In some cases, augmentative/alternative communication may be required for individuals demonstrating impairments in gestural, spoken, and/or written modalities. (ASHA, 1993). Language disorders may persist across the lifespan, and symptoms may change over time (Bashir, 1989). Further, a language disorder can be a distinct diagnosis or may occur within the context of other conditions. A regional, social, or cultural/ethnic variation of a symbol system should not be considered a disorder of speech or language (ASHA, 1993). Relationship Between a Language Disorder and Social Communication DisorderChildren with language disorders may also present with social communication difficulty since social communication comprises social interaction, social cognition, pragmatics, and language processing. More information about social communication can be found on ASHA’s Social Communication Disorder Practice Portal site. ReferencesAl Otaiba, S., Puranik, C., Zilkowski, R., & Curran, T. (2009). Effectiveness of early phonological awareness interventions for students with speech or language impairments. Journal of Special Education, 43(2), 107–128. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1993). Definitions of communication disorders and variations [Relevant Paper]. www.asha.org/policy/. Bashir, A. S. (1989). Language intervention and the curriculum. Seminars in Speech and Language, 10(3), 181–191. Berko Gleason, J. (2005). The development of language (6th ed.). Pearson Education. Gillon, G. T. (2004). Phonological awareness: From research to practice. Guilford Press. Lemons, C.J., & Fuchs, D. (2010). Phonological awareness of children with Down syndrome: Its role in learning to read and the effectiveness of related interventions. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(2), 316–330. Scarborough, H. S. (1998.). Early identification of children at risk for reading disabilities: Phonological awareness and some other promising predictors. In B. K. Shapiro, P. J. Accardo, & A. J. Capute (Eds.). Specific reading disability: A view of the spectrum (pp. 75-119). York Press. What is the form of communication that is based on a system of symbols?Symbolic communication includes gestures, body language and facial expressions, as well as vocal moans that can indicate what an individual wants without having to speak.
Is a form of communication whether spoken written?Verbal communication has to do with words, whether they are written, read, or said aloud. Words should be simple and clear so that people understand correctly. Remember that words may have different meanings to different people.
Which of the following is the system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences?syntax, the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts.
What is a system of communication through speech?language. A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Which of the following is the use of irony derision or wit to expose folly or wickedness?the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, to expose, denounce, or deride the folly or corruption of institutions, people, or social structures:The success of the production stems from its balance of affectionate comedy and well-observed satire.
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