SummaryHormones, the brain and behavior Show
Neuroendocrinology is the study of how the brain controls the endocrine systems that keep us alive and able to reproduce. However, an essential and critical characteristic of this neural control of the endocrine systems is that endocrine hormones in turn have profound effects on brain function through feedback systems. Research on hormones and the brain is intensive and covers many fields: from cell and molecular biology and genetics to anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, biochemistry, medicine, psychiatry and psychology. This book will examine the interactions between hormones, the brain and behavior. Thus, the primary focus will be on how the endocrine and nervous systems affect each other to produce an integrated functional neuroendocrine system that influences physiological and behavioral responses. As preliminary background reading, students are referred to any modern text on Human Physiology (see “Further reading” at the end of this chapter). When you hear the term “hormone,” for example steroid hormone, you think of the endocrine glands and how their secretions influence physiological responses in the body, but this is only part of the picture. Many of the endocrine glands (although not all of them) are influenced by the pituitary gland, the so-called “master gland,” and the pituitary is itself controlled by various hormones secreted from the hypothalamus, a part of the brain situated directly above the pituitary gland. The release of hypothalamic hormones is in turn regulated by neurotransmitters released from nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. Some neurotransmitters released within the brain also control behavior, and the secretion of neurotransmitters from specific nerve cells can be modulated by the level of specific endocrine hormones in the circulation. This is called hormone feedback. Thus, neurotransmitter release influences both hormones and behavior and, in turn, hormones regulate the release of neurotransmitters. This interaction between hormones, the brain and behavior involves a wide variety of chemical messengers which are described in this chapter. Type Information Publisher: Cambridge University Press Print publication year: 2015 Access optionsGet access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.) ReferencesBroberger, C. (2005). “Brain regulation of food intake and appetite: molecules and networks,” J Intern Med 258, 301–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed Farooqi, I. S. (2011). “Genetic, molecular and physiological insights into human obesity,” Europ J Clin Invest 41, 451–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed Glaser, R. and Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2005). “Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health,” Nat Rev Immunol 5, 243–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Labrie, F., Luu-The, V., Labrie, C. and Simard, J. (2001). “DHEA and its transformation into androgens and estrogens in peripheral target tissues: intracrinology,” Front Neuroendocrinol 22, 185–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed Minorsky, P. V. (2002). “Abscisic acid: a universal signalling factor?”Plant Physiol 128, 788–789.Google Scholar Murata, K., Tamogami, S., Itou, M., Ohkubo, Y., Wakabayashi, Y., Watanabe, H., Okamura, H., Takeuchi, Y. and Mori, Y. (2014). “Identification of an olfactory signal molecule that activates the central regulator of reproduction in goats,” Curr Biol 24, 681–686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed Nussey, S. S. and Whitehead, S. A. (2001). Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach (Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Widmaier, E. P., Raff, H. and Strang, K. T. (2010). Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, th edn. (New York: McGraw-Hill).Google Scholar Wikipedia definition of “psychoneuroimmunology”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoneuroimmunology. What chemical messenger is released from endocrine glands into the bloodstream quizlet?Explanation: Hormones, the chemical messengers of the endocrine system, contact virtually all cells within the body. However, hormones affect only target cells, those cells with receptors that recognize and bind specific hormones.
Are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and transmitted?Hormones are the chemical signaling molecules produced by the endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream. They travel through the blood to distant tissues and organs, where they can bind to specific cell sites called receptors.
Which statement is characteristic of endocrine glands?Which statement is characteristic of endocrine glands? They secrete chemical signals in small amounts over short periods of time. Which gland produces the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What do endocrine glands secrete into the bloodstream What are the sites that they travel to quizlet?Endocrine glands secrete minute amounts of chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones then travel to specific sites called target tissues (effectors) where they produce a coordinated response of the target tissues (p.
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The network of glands that release chemical messengers directly into the bloodstream is called the
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