The author’s shift in tone between the fourth and fifth paragraphs marks a transition between

In her poem ‘Because I could not stop for Death’, Emily Dickinson describes a close encounter with “Death” and “Immortality”. She uses personification to portray “Death” and “Immortality” as characters. Her familiarity with them at the beginning of the poem causes the reader to feel at ease with the idea of death. However, as the poem progresses, a sudden shift in tone causes readers to see it for what it really is, cruel and evil.

Because I could not stop for Death 
Emily Dickinson 

Because I could not stop for Death –
He kindly stopped for me –
The Carriage held but just Ourselves –
And Immortality.

We slowly drove – He knew no haste
And I had put away
My labor and my leisure too,
For His Civility –

We passed the School, where Children strove
At Recess – in the Ring –
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain –
We passed the Setting Sun –

Or rather – He passed Us –
The Dews drew quivering and Chill –
For only Gossamer, my Gown –
My Tippet – only Tulle –

We paused before a House that seemed
A Swelling of the Ground –
The Roof was scarcely visible –
The Cornice – in the Ground –

Since then – 'tis Centuries – and yet
Feels shorter than the Day
I first surmised the Horses' Heads
Were toward Eternity – 

Summary

‘Because I could not stop for Death’ by Emily Dickinson depicts a speaker’s perception of death, the afterlife, and the journey it takes to get there.

In the first lines of the poem, the speaker uses the famous line “Because I could not stop for Death,/ He kindly stopped for me”. This phrase hints at the personification that is going to be utilized throughout the stanzas to describe the experience of entering the afterlife. Death stopped for the speaker and helped her into the carriage that held “just ourselves/ And Immortality”.

They drove along the lane and the speaker takes note of what she sees around her. She was in the process of putting away the life she knew and allowing this next stage of existence to take over. They pass a school, fields, and the setting sun (a very obvious symbol of death). The poem concludes with the speaker saying that it has been centuries since all this occurred and she first realized the horse’s heads were pointed toward “eternity”

Themes

There are several important themes in ‘Because I could not stop for Death’. The most obvious of these are mortality and death. What makes this poem’s take on these two themes so interesting is that they are depicted from a position of immortality. The speaker is already in the afterlife when she’s describing her experiences with death. This leads to another theme, immortality. This is part of the reason why the speaker is so calm throughout the majority of the poem. Such themes are also explored in other Emily Dickinson poems.

Tone and Mood

This poem has a very distinct tone and mood. The tone which is the voice of the poet or speaker in the poem is calm and measured. She is aware of what is happening around her but is not overly emotional about it. This is maintained throughout the first few stanzas until the speaker gets closer to death. At this point, things start to shift a little and the tone becomes more sinister. This is seen through words like “Chill” and “quivering”. The last lines bring back the peace of the first part of the poem as the speaker matter-of-factly states that the horse’s heads are pointed towards eternity.

The mood of a poem is the emotional experience that the poet is attempting to create for the reader. It is what the reader should feel while reading and after finishing the poem. In the case of this particular poem, the tone and mood are tied together.

Structure and Form

‘Because I could not stop for Death’ by Emily Dickinson is a six stanza poem that is divided into sets of four lines, known as quatrains. These quatrains do not follow a single rhyme scheme, although there are examples of perfect rhyme in the poem. For example, “me,” “immortality” and “civility” in the first two stanzas.

The meter is much more consistent. It resembles a regular metrical pattern. The first and third lines are made up of four sets of two beats, or a total of eight syllables. The first of these beats is untressed and the second is stressed. This is known as iambic tetrameter. The second and fourth lines also use iambs (or unstressed and stressed beats) but there are only three sets of two beats in each line. This is known as iambic trimeter.

Literary Devices

Dickinson makes use of several literary devices in ‘Because I could not stop for Death’. These include but are not limited to alliteration, allusion, personification, and enjambment. The first of these, alliteration, occurs when words are used in succession, or at least appear close together, and begin with the same sound. For example, “labor” and “leisure” in the second stanza and “school” and “strove” in the third stanza.

Personification is one of the most obvious techniques at work in this poem. It occurs when a poet imbues a non-human creature or object with human characteristics. Death is very clearly personified from the first stanza. He acts as the speaker’s suitor, encouraging her to get into the carriage and ride with him into the unknown. He is both “kind” and civil. 

An allusion is an expression that’s meant to call something specific to the mind without directly stating it. Although it is not clearly stated in the lines of this poem, it is clear that the speaker is supposed to be in some sort of afterlife, likely the Christian concept of heaven. But, the fact that it is not stated explicitly allows any number of interpretations about what kind of world the speaker is living in now. 

Another important technique commonly used in poetry is enjambment. It occurs when a line is cut off before its natural stopping point. Enjambment forces a reader down to the next line, and the next, quickly. One has to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence. For example, the transition between lines three and four of the first stanza and two and three of the second.

Analysis, Stanza by Stanza

Stanza One

Because I could not stop for Death –
He kindly stopped for me –
The Carriage held but just Ourselves –
And Immortality.

In Emily Dickinson’s poem ‘Because I could not stop for Death’, the author personifies death, portraying him as a close friend, or perhaps even a gentleman suitor. In the first stanza, she reveals that she welcomes death when she says, “He kindly stopped for me”. The pleasant tone of the poem further suggests that the author is quite comfortable with death.

Stanza Two

We slowly drove – He knew no haste
And I had put away
My labor and my leisure too,
For His Civility –

The carriage ride is symbolic of the author’s departure from life. She is in the carriage with death and immortality. Dickinson reveals her willingness to go with death when she says that she had “put away…labor and…leisure too, for his civility”. This further reveals that the author has come to terms with her own mortality.

She has set down all she wanted to do in life, and willingly entered the carriage with Death and Immortality. She may be aware that had she not gone willingly, they would have taken her captive nonetheless, but this does not seem to alter her perception of the two characters as kind, thoughtful, and even gentle. This is portrayed as Death drives slowly for her, allowing her to reminisce. He “knew no haste” as they drove. He takes her through the course of her life with a slow and patient ride. Immortality rides along but is silent.

About Emily Dickinson

Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts in December of 1830. Her parents were prominent in local society, but were not wealthy.

Read Emily Dickinson's Biography

Stanza Three

We passed the School, where Children strove
At Recess – in the Ring –
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain –
We passed the Setting Sun –

They drive “passed the School where the Children strove” implying that the author is generously given a few moments to remember her childhood. They then drive past the “Gazing Grain” allowing the author to think back upon the prime of her life. Then they pass the setting sun. This symbolizes the author’s death. The sunset is beautiful and gentle, and the passing from life to eternity is portrayed as such.

Stanza Four

Or rather – He passed Us –
The Dews drew quivering and Chill –
For only Gossamer, my Gown –
My Tippet – only Tulle –

There is a sudden shift in tone in the fourth stanza. Suddenly, now that the sun has set, the author realizes that she is quite cold, and she shivers. Then she becomes aware that she is underdressed. Prior to this moment of realization, the author felt quite comfortable with Death and Immortality. After all, she was riding along with them in only her “gossamer” and her “Tippet – only Tulle”, or in other words, in only a sheer nightgown.

In the first through third stanzas, the author is on close affectionate terms with Death and Immortality. Describing Death as a gentleman suitor who is kind and civil, she shows no shame at being underdressed. However, when the sun sets, and the cold damp sets in, she becomes aware of her inappropriate attire.

Stanza Five

We paused before a House that seemed
A Swelling of the Ground –
The Roof was scarcely visible –
The Cornice – in the Ground –

In her moment of realization that she has been seduced by Death, they pause before her new “house”, a “Swelling of the Ground”. She claims the “The Roof was scarcely visible” and the “Cornice – in the Ground”. The tone becomes one of disappointment, as the author realizes that death is not all she thought it would be. Now, as the sun has set on her life, and she is standing before her new forever home, disappointment sets in. Death was kind and gentle, like a gentleman suitor. He lured her in with grandiose promises of eternity. Now that she sees her small, damp, eternal home, she feels cheated.

Stanza Six

Since then – ’tis Centuries – and yet
Feels shorter than the Day
I first surmised the Horses’ Heads
Were toward Eternity –

It has now been “Centuries – and yet Feels shorter than the Day” as life goes on without her. It has been centuries since that moment of realization when she “first surmised” that Death had seduced her, that he had appeared a kindly gentleman at first, but had left her alone in the dark, cold, damp grave.

Historical Context

‘Because I could not stop for Death’ was published in 1863, and believed to be written between 1855 and 1863 (The Dickinson Properties). These are the years in which Emily Dickinson wrote most intensely. During Dickinson’s early years, she experienced the death of many people close to her, including that of her cousin. It is easy to see why she felt familiar with death. Dickinson also lived near a cemetery, so she watched many people, even loved ones riding in a hearse to their final resting places. This is a likely inspiration for the setting of this poem.

In times of sorrow, she would likely have heard sermons about salvation, paradise, and mansions waiting in eternity. During Dickinson’s lifetime, many of her close family members and friends joined the church as the 1830s saw what many referred to as “revivals” or “awakenings” in which many people proclaimed faith in Jesus Christ and eternal life (The Dickinson Properties).

‘Because I could not stop for Death’ makes it very clear that Dickinson, at some point in her life, viewed death as something sweet and gentle. She welcomed death, perhaps because of the idea that she would be only passing from this life to somewhere better. This is portrayed in the first stanza of the poem when the author begins her ride with Death, viewing him as a welcome and familiar friend. She is calm and reflective as she passes by the school children and the grain field. She’s at peace watching the beautiful sunset in her life. But when the warmth of the sun is gone and the damp cold sets in, she looks at her new home, and it isn’t a mansion in the sky (John 14:1-3), but merely a swelling of the ground.

Dickinson appears to have toyed with the idea of believing in an afterlife in paradise, but in the end claimed that she was “one of the lingering bad ones”, which suggests that she wanted to believe in life after death in paradise, but could not. In the end, she believed the grave was her final resting place (The Dickinson Properties).

FAQs

What does the poem ‘Because I could not stop for Death’ mean?

‘Because I could not stop for Death’ is a simple lyric that talks about Emily Dickinson’s fearlessness in the face of death. The title of the poem means that the poetic persona has no time to wait for death. Her mind is fearless and rational. She takes death as a natural phenomenon like the withering of plants. There is no fear in accepting what must occur. Hence, the poet can’t burden her mind with the thoughts of something natural not only to herself but also to the whole of humankind.

What is the message of the poem?

The message of the poem, ‘Because I could not stop for Death’ is one should not fear death as it’s not that horrific one thinks of. Death is rather gentlemanly, prudent, and civilized.

Why did Emily Dickinson write ‘Because I could not stop for Death’?

‘Because I could not stop for Death’ was written as the poet’s response to death. Dickinson wrote this poem for expressing her wish for attaining salvation. Moreover, she wishes for an eternal life blessed with the care of God. Through writing this poem, the poet also highlights her attitude towards oblivion and her acceptance of death as it is. Her belief in the afterlife gets emphasized in this poem.

When was ‘Because I could not stop for Death’ written?

Emily Dickinson never published the poem, but it is estimated that she wrote ‘Because I could not stop for Death’ in the early 1860s. The poem was only publicly published posthumously in 1890, in the collection ‘The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Series 1.’

Was Emily Dickinson a romantic or transcendentalist?

Emily Dickinson was familiar not only with the Bible but also with contemporary popular culture. She was influenced by the romantic poets of England and America. In her poems, one can find the dominant theme of “memento mori” or “remember you will die”. This theme was the stock-in-trade theme of the romantics. So, it’s better to say she was a Romantic poet. However, some of her poems also encompass transcendental thoughts.

What is the main theme of ‘Because I could not stop for Death’?

The main theme of ‘Because I could not stop for Death’ is death and immortality. In this poem, the poet describes how she visualizes death and what’s its role in her life.

What is the central topic of the ‘Because I could not stop for ‘Death?’

The central topic of the poem is the inevitability of death and the poet’s calm acceptance of it. Moreover, Dickinson projects her belief in the Christian afterlife and eternity in this poem. She doesn’t fear death. Her heart is pleased to have such a gentlemanly and civilized person such as death as her charioteer in the journey towards eternity.

What is the irony in ‘Because I could not stop for Death’?

The very first line of the poem, ‘Because I could not stop for Death’ contains irony. In old age, one waits tensely for the upcoming death and fears death’s cold yet firm grips. In contrast, Emily Dickinson can’t even stop to think about death. In her active life, she didn’t stop for death. It is death who stopped to receive the poet and accompanied her towards eternity. In this way, the poet implies irony in the first line of the poem.

Who is “Death” in the poem?

Death is personified. The capitalization of the first letter of “Death” signifies that the poet invests that abstract idea with hearing and feeling. Moreover, “Death” is compared to a bold companion of the poet. He is gentlemanly and civilized. The poet depicts “Death” as the charioteer of her journey towards eternity.

What type of poem is ‘Because I could not stop for Death’?

‘Because I could not stop for Death’ is a lyric poem. Dickinson wrote this poem from the first-person point of view. From the very first line, it becomes clear it’s going to be a subjective poem about the inevitability of death and eagerness for eternity. Whatsoever, the first-person speaker presented in the poem makes it an example of a free-verse lyric.

How is “Death” personified in the poem?

In ‘Because I could not stop for Death,’ Emily Dickinson uses personification in the second line of the poem. Here the poet says, “He kindly stopped for me”. The reference to “Death” in the first line and the capitalization of the first letter of the word, makes it clear that the poet compares death to a human being as well as a charioteer who leads the poet towards eternity.

What is the “Death” or “He” personified to?

In ‘Because I could not stop for Death,’ Emily Dickinson personifies death and compares it with a charioteer. According to the poet, death is a gentleman and civilized in his attitude. He is neither rash nor that terrifying creature one thinks of. It is human beings who imagine death as something formidable and horrific. But, in Dickinson’s poem, death is her bold companion.

Why is “Immortality” in “The Carriage”?

Emily Dickinson compares death to the controller of the chariot that leads one to eternity. With her, there is another abstract idea: immortality. From the idea of the poem, it becomes clear that the poet incorporates immortality as a companion in her journey to heaven since she has trust in the Christian belief of the afterlife. In the afterlife, one attains immortality for the blessings of God.

What does “My Tippet – only Tulle –” mean?

“My Tippet – only Tulle –” contains two concepts. One is “Tippet” meaning a long scarf and “Tulle” meaning soft, fine silk. So, after her death, her dress also presents her mental state as well as her minimalistic lifestyle. The finesse of her scarf symbolically represents serenity in the afterlife.

Why is death often personified in literature?

Death is often personified for expressing what a poetic mind imagines of it. As in the case of ‘Because I could not stop for Death,’ Emily Dickinson presents her standpoints regarding death and immortality.

Similar Poetry

Dickinson’s ‘Because I Could Not Stop for Death’ is one of the most famous poems about death and the afterlife. But, there are many more that are worth reading. Some other very popular poems, with original depictions of death, include:

• ‘The Afterlife’ by Billy Collins – It’s one of the best-known poems of Billy Collins. This poem is a witty depiction of death that allows the deceased to inhabit the world they imagined. Explore more Billy Collins poems.
• ‘I Have a Rendezvous with Death’ by Alan Seeger – This wartime poem describes the speaker’s coming and unavoidable death. Read more poems by Alan Seeger.
• ‘When Death Comes’ by Mary Oliver – In this poem, the speaker ruminates on what happens after one passes away. Read more Mary Oliver poems.
• ‘And Death Shall Have No Dominion’ by Dylan Thomas – It’s one of the best Dylan Thomas poems. This poem casts a magical look at how death controls mankind. Explore more Dylan Thomas poems.

You can also read about the best-loved poems of Emily Dickinson.