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Terms in this set (115)Pharmacokinetics What is the study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put in the body until it has left the bod Bioavailability, low What is the extent of drug absorption; how much of the drug is
absorbed into circulation for action First-pass effect, low High first-pass=_____ bioavailability enteral In ____________ drug administration, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the mucosa of the stomach and. or small or large intestines acid, food Many factors can alter the absorption of drugs, including _____ changes within the stomach, absorption changes in the intestines and the presence or absence of _______ and fluid. enhance The presence of food may _____________ the absorption of some fat-soluble drugs that are more easily broken down in an acidic environment sublingual, buccal Drugs administered by the ______________ route are absorbed into the highly vascularized tissue under the tongue, hence drugs are absorbed quickly there. The same applies to the ________ route parental route This route is the fastest by which a drug can be absorbed directly Iv injections delivers drug __________ into circulation bypassing Medications given by the parental route have the advantage of _____________ the first-pass effect of the liver Sublingual-
under the tongue Where are sublingual and buccal mean? Exercise What effects does exercising have? Massage What effects does massaging have? topical route This route involves application of medications to various body surfaces slower Topic application delivers a uniform amount of drug over a longer period but the effects are usually __________ in their onset and prolongued in their duration compared to oral and parental avoid All topical routes of drug administration ________ first-pass effects of the liver, with the exception of rectal administration eratic, unreliable The drawback of using the tropical route is that their systemic absorption is often _________ and ___________ Transdermal routes this route are used for systemic drug delivery; there is clean, hairy When applying patches, _______ the area first and place it on the patient's chest or arm; areas that are not _______. Inhaled route This is another type of topical route that are delivered to the lungs as microsized drug particles. ... READ TABLE 2-3 Distribution This term refers to the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action ... Drugs are administered to sites that have large blood supply. Areas of large blood supplies include the heart, kidneys liver and brain. Areas of low blood supply include muscle, skin and fat liver, kidneys Once a drug reaches the bloodstream, it is distributed throughout the body. At this point, it is starting to be eliminating by the organs that metabolize and excrete drugs--primarilythe _______ and the ____________ Albumin What is the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules limited If a given drug binds to albumin then there is only a ____________ amount of drug that is not bound drug-drug interaction When an individual is taking more than one drug that are higly protein bound, the medications may compete for binding sites on the albumin molecule. Because of this competition there is more free, unbound drug. This can lead to an unpredictable drug response called a: volume of distribution This theoretical volume is sometimes used to describe the various areas in which drugs may be distributed high, low Highly water soluble drugs have __________ volume of distribution and high blood concentrations. In contrast, fat-soluble drugs have a __________ volume of distribution and low blood concentrations metabolism This term is also refferred to as biotransformation. It involves the biochemical alteration of a drug into an active metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite liver Metabolism is the next step after absorption and distrubution. The organ most responsible for the metabolism of drugs is the _________ substrates Drug molecules that are the metabolic targets of specific enzymes are said to be _______________ P-450 system What is one of the most important systems that influence drug-drug interactions Enzyme inhibitors Many drugs can inhibit drug-metabolizing enzymes and are called:
enzyme inducers Decrease in drug metabolism results in the accumulation of the drug which results in drug toxicity. In contrast, some drugs can stimulate drug metabolism and are called: Excretion What is the elimination of drugs from the body kidneys What organ is responsible for excretion excreted Most drugs are metabolized by the liver in different ways. Therefore, by the time the drug reaches the kidneys, they have undergone extensive biotransformation and only a small fraction of the drug is __________ as its original compound ... The actual act of renal excretion is accomplished through glomerulus filtration, active tubular reabsorption, active tubular extretion Half-Life What is the time required for one half of a given drug to be removed from the body. It is a measure of rate at which the drug is eliminated from the body Steady state What refers to the physiological state in which the amount of a drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose drug effects What are the physiological reactions of the body to the drug? onset, peak, duration and trough These terms are used to describe a drugs effects onset of action This is the drug's time required to elicit a therapeutic response peak of effect This is the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response duration of action This is the length if tune that the drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response pharmacodynamics This relates to the mechanisms of drug actions to living tissues therapeutic response A positive change in a faulty physiological system is called a ________ _____ of a drug, Such an effect is the goal of drug therapy strengthen Drugs can produce actions (therapeutic effects) in several ways. Once the drug is at the site of action, it can modify (increase or decrease) the rate at which that cell or tissue functions or it can modify the ___________ of function of that cell receptors, enzymes, nonselective interactions Drugs can exert their actions in three basic ways: ... Receptor interactions
receptor -This is a reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell molecule Drug-receptor interaction is the joining of the drug ___________ with a reactive site on the surface of a cell or tissue. Once a drug binds to and interacts with the receptor, a pharmacological response is produced block, elicit A drug with the best "fit" will have the strongest effect. Drugs works with receptors to either ________ or _______ a response ... enzyme interactions... enzymes What are the substances that catalyze nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell. Drugs can produce effects by interacting with these substances selective interaction For a drug to elicit a response, it may either inhibit (more common) or enhance (less common) the action of a specific enzyme. This process is called interactions Drug-enzyme interactions occurs when the drug chemically binds to an enzyme molecule in such a way that it alters the enzymes ______________ with its normal target molecules in the body ... Nonselective interactions receptors, enzymes Drugs with nonspecific mechanisms of action do not interact with ___________ or ___________ structures These drugs can either physically interfere with or chemically alter cellular _____________ or processes ... Pharmacokinetics Distribution and Metabolism CANCELLED CLASS NOTES.... Blood stream Highly vascularized areas include major organs like the heart, kidneys, liver, and brain. Areas of slower distribution include muscle, skin, and fat. The
transport of a drug What are areas of rapid distribution? - highly vascularized Areas of slower distribution? After a drug is absorbed it is distributed anywhere the blood goes so it will be distributed throughout the body After the drug is absorbed where does it go for distribution? metabolism, excretion _______________ and _______________ begin soon after the drug is being distributed. Distribution can be delayed by anything that slows down the blood flow (Hypothermia, cardiac function) and protein binding to be discussed next. What can delay distribution and therapeutic effect? protein bound
**EX: Some drugs really love protein! We call these drugs highly ____________ ___________ ... STUDY PROTEIN BINDING concept for exam 1... Some of the drug molecules hook up with the protein and are unable to leave the vascular system, thus not getting distributed and metabolized. What happens with a drug that is highly protein bound? There are limited protein sites so some of the drug gets absorbed and does it's job (therapeutic effect). What if your patient has a low protein level? drug-drug interactions If a patient is on two drugs that are highly protein binding it can lead to ________-__________ _____________ sporadic, unpredictable Drug-drug interactions can result in ____________ and _______________ responses. Drug molecules that bind to protein will eventually fall off and then be free to circulate and have a therapeutic effect. Because the drug molecules fall off at a later time it increases the duration of the drug effect. Will highly protein bound drugs have shorter or longer duration of effects? synergistic effect **EX: STUDY THESE DRUG INTERACTIONS... Additive effect **EX: What is the term for the effect of two drugs, resulting in the equal sum of the individual effects alone; the effect is equal to the sum of the drug action. biotransformation Metabolism is also known as ______________________ (the biochemical alteration of a drug) Metabolism This is where the drug is altered to be easily excreted, or to become more or less active. liver Where does metabolism primarily occur? Cytochrome P-450 This is an enzyme that aids in the metabolism of drugs. The role that the enzymes play vary from person to person and depends on the type of drug. For this class it is only important that you recognize that the enzymes play a role in metabolism and vary from person to person. Excretion This is the last phase; known as the elimination of drugs from the body urine, stool Drugs can be eliminated through ________ and ________ Kidneys, liver What are the organs of elimination? Kidneys, Liver What organ excretes water soluble drugs? Fat soluble drugs? Sweat What are the less common routes of excretion? Half-life This is The time required for one half of the amount of a drug to be removed by the body So that we know how much to dose and how much metabolites are building up in the body. Why does half-life matter? ... Half Life the rate of elimination Half life is also known as? Steady State The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equivalent to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose, resulting in a steady action of the drug. ... Drug effects on the body... Onset of action This is the time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response/ have its effect Peak This is when the drug has reached its max therapeutic effect; maximum amount Duration The length of time it take for the drugs to take its complete response; all the way to the end Insulin This lowers blood sugar immediately If body is working properly, insulin is secreted ___________________ when digesting food to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Diabetics cannot produce insulin, so they must be injected subcutaneously with it short, long Different types of insulin works at different levels. right time If you take insulin without eating, your blood sugar will get really low. Hence, insulin injection should be injected at the __________ __________. peak levels This Measures the drug when it's at its peak. Draw blood to see peak level of drug Trough levels This Measures the drug at its lowest level of action toxicity The longer you're on a drug the higher the peak and trough levels rise, increasing chances of experiencing __________ Toxicity This is when the drugs go beyond the peak; there's too much, ototoxicity Toxicity of the ears Pharmacokinetics is the study of the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug; what the body does do to the drug Pharmacodynamics the study of how a drug acts on the body and its effects on various systems in the body; the study of the physiochemical properties of drugs and how they influence the body. Pharmaceutics the science of how drugs are made in proper forms and dosages and then supplied to the market. Pharmacotherapeutics the study of the uses of drugs to prevent and treat diseases. Pharmacognosy the study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources. Pharmacology is the broadest term for the study or science of drugs ... Extended pharmacologic action is an increased therapeutic effect of the drug Be eliminated from the body Drug half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of a drug to do what? Therapeutic index What term means the ratio between a drug's therapeutic effects and toxic effects? tolerance
is a reduced response to a drug after prolonged use Distribution rates among various body compartments Pharmacokinetics involves the study of which factor? incompatibility when two parenteral drugs mixed together result in the chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs or formation of a precipitate antagonistic effect when the effect of two drugs given together is lower than the sum of each drug taken separately. Sets with similar terms#1 TEST 1-Chapter 2-Pharmacokinetics, Ph…89 terms shawnitta85 [L.1] Basics- Pharm52 terms Caitlin_Hutchinson80 (Exam 1) Pharmacology Ch.2 Pharmokinetics, dynamic…54 terms stephanie_paige56 Pharmacology Week 996 terms lrobinhenning Sets found in the same folderTEST 3-Fluid and Electrolyte Balance68 terms maria_bangura9 Pharmacology Measurement Conversions13 terms maria_bangura9 CH 1 Pharm- Nursing Process and Drug Therapy31 terms maria_bangura9 TEST 2-Pharm-Pharmacodynamics and therapeutics40 terms maria_bangura9 Other sets by this creatorGlaucoma and Cataract30 terms maria_bangura9 Parkinson Disease (PD)40 terms maria_bangura9 Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism52 terms maria_bangura9 The Child with Neurological Dysfunction48 terms maria_bangura9 Recommended textbook solutions
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What is the term used to describe the absorption distribution metabolism and excretion of a drug quizlet?Terms in this set (15)
Pharmacokinetics. is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body.
What does pharmacokinetics study quizlet?the study of what happens to the drug(s) in the patients body after administered. Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
What term describes the motion of drugs through the body and includes the absorption distribution metabolism and excretion of drugs?Pharmacokinetics focuses on how drugs move within the body once administered. The movement of drugs involves four processes which include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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Is the study of drug absorption distribution metabolism and excretion in the body quizlet?
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