- Home
- Log In
- Register
- Categories
- A-K
- ANIMAL RADIOLOGY
- EQUINE MEDICINE
- EXOTIC, WILD, ZOO
- FARM ANIMAL
- GENERAL
- INTERNAL MEDICINE
- L-Z
- NURSING & ANIMAL CARE
- PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
- SMALL ANIMAL
- SUGERY, ORTHOPEDICS & ANESTHESIA
- A-K
- More References
- Abdominal Key
- Anesthesia Key
- Basicmedical Key
- Otolaryngology & Ophthalmology
- Musculoskeletal Key
- Neupsy Key
- Nurse Key
- Obstetric, Gynecology and Pediatric
- Oncology & Hematology
- Plastic Surgery & Dermatology
- Clinical Dentistry
- Radiology Key
- Thoracic Key
- Veterinary Medicine
- Gold Membership
- Contact
Menu
chapter 7 Film Processing Three qualities constitute a good darkroom. A darkroom must be (1) clean, (2) organized, and (3) lightproof. Although individual darkrooms may vary in design, all should
possess the same qualities. A darkroom should be separate from the radiographic suite and should be used for only one purpose: processing exposed radiographs. Ideally, the room dimensions should be no less than 6 × 8 feet (2.6 × 2 m), and the layout should reduce the possibility of film damage. Most of the work in the darkroom is performed with minimal illumination. Therefore it is important that the darkroom be organized so that all of the equipment can be located quickly and easily. And, of
course, cleanliness is crucial. This is the only room where both the intensifying screens and the x-ray film are exposed to the air. If the countertops are dirty and soiled with chemicals, it is easy for both to be sucked into the cassette as it is opened, possibly causing damage to the intensifying screens. Another factor that is often overlooked in the darkroom is climate control. Because the film emulsion is extremely sensitive to heat and humidity, good ventilation
and temperature control are mandatory. A darkroom should be relatively cool and should have low humidity. The specific temperatures and humidity for proper film care are described in Chapter 6. Film processing, whether it is manual or automatic, comprises five basic steps: (1) developing, (2) rinsing or stop bath, (3) fixing, (4) washing, and (5) drying. The first
step in learning how to process a film is a basic understanding of the processing solutions. The chemical solutions can be purchased in a number of forms. Powders and liquid concentrates are those most commonly used in veterinary practice. Water is added to the concentrates according to the manufacturer’s instructions to produce the proper amount of solutions for the processing tanks. Preparing the chemicals correctly is important or the resulting solution may adversely affect the radiographic
product. Every effort should be made to keep the chemical solutions at a specified temperature—any variance may adversely affect the radiographic product. At temperatures below those recommended, some of the chemicals may become sluggish in action and may produce an underdeveloped or underfixed radiograph. At temperatures much above those recommended, the chemical activity is too high for manual control. Keep in mind also that all of the chemical
solutions should be the same temperature. If the chemicals vary greatly in temperature, film reticulation can result. Reticulation appears as a mottled density on a finished radiograph and is caused by irregular expansion and contraction of the film emulsion.
THE DARKROOM
FILM-PROCESSING SOLUTIONS
A quality assurance program should be established and maintained in the veterinary practice. This program allows reproducibility, and it gives the radiographer confidence in the exposures used on each radiograph (see Chapter 10).
Premium Wordpress Themes by UFO Themes
WordPress theme by UFO themes
Author
1. Srivastava Ram Kumar
ISBN
9789350250853
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/11399_10
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2011
Pages
30
Author Affiliations
1. Chandra Dental College and Hospital, Barabanki, UP, India
Chapter keywords
Film processing, dental X-ray film, high-quality diagnostic dental radiographs, amalgam filling, silver halide crystals, chemical processing procedures, black metallic silver, exposed silver halide crystals, radiolucent structure, radiopaque structure, energized silver halide crystals, film emulsion, diaphoretic information, rinsing, fixation, agitating, oral surgery, liquid concentrate, developing agent, hydroquinone, elon, antioxidant sodium sulfate, preservative, alkali sodium carbonate, restrainer, fogged film, nondiagnostic, chemical deterioration, potassium alum, gelatin, panoramic film, thermometer, unwrapped dental X-ray, chemical contamination, lightening errors, overlapped films, fogged films, bulb wattage, radiograph, replenish, alkaline environment, alkaline accelerator, black metallic silver deposits, sodium hydroxide, sodium metaborate, sodium tetraborate