Period 3*: Show
"As to the history of the revolution, my ideas may be peculiar, perhaps singular. What do we mean by the revolution? The war? That was no part of the revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." Former president John Adams to former president Thomas Jefferson, August 1815 "There is nothing more common than to confound the terms of the American Revolution with those of the late American war. The American war is over: but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed. It remains yet to establish and perfect our new forms of government; and to prepare the principles, morals, and manners of our citizens, for these forms of government, after they are established and brought to perfection." Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence and delegate to the Continental Congress, January 1787 3. a) Briefly describe ONE significant difference between Adams' understanding and Rush's understanding of the American Revolution. b) Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period between 1760 and 1800 could be used to support Adams' interpretation. Period 3: 1754 - 1800 "The revolutionary moment was neither radical nor a watershed for American women. Those who disregard America's commitment to patriarchal rule and plead for a historical interpretation that favors enlightened exceptionalism have overlooked the conditions that made large-scale change all but impossible at that time and place." Elaine Forman Crane, historian, Ebb Tide in New England: Women, Seaports, and Social Change, 1630-1800, published in 1998 "The coming of the American Revolution . . . created new opportunities for women to participate in politics. Responding to men's appeals, women engaged in a variety of actions in support of the revolutionary cause, which led women to experience a greater sense of connection to and involvement with the polity. After the war their political contributions were praised, celebrated, and remembered. . . . Women now were seen as political beings who had the capacity to influence the course of war, politics, and history." Rosemarie Zagarri, historian, Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Politics in the Early American Republic, published in 2007 a) Briefly describe ONE major difference between Crane's and Zagarri's historical interpretations of the immediate impact of the American Revolution on women. (Period 3) "Although eighteenth-century America was predominantly a rural, agricultural society, its seaboard
commercial cities were the cutting edge of economic, social, and political change. . . . In America, it was in the colonial cities that the transition first occurred from a barter economy to a commercial one. . . . The cities predicted the future. . . . Urban people, at a certain point in the preindustrial era, upset the equilibrium of an older system of social relations and turned the seaport towns into crucibles of revolutionary agitation." "The colonist's attitudes toward civil uprising were part of a broader Anglo-American political tradition. In the course of the eighteenth century, colonists became increasingly interested in the ideas of seventeenth-century English revolutionaries . . . and the later writers who carried on and developed this tradition. . . . By the 1760s . . . this . . . tradition provided a strong unifying element between colonists North and South. It offered, too, a corpus of ideas about public authority and popular political responsibilities that shaped the American revolutionary movement. Spokesmen for this English revolutionary tradition were distinguished in the eighteenth century above all by their outspoken defense of the people's right to rise up against their rulers." Pauline Maier, historian, From Resistance to Revolution, 1991 1 a) Briefly describe ONE major difference between Nash's and Maier's historical interpretations of the origins of the American Revolution. Period 6*: "They were aggressive men, as were the first feudal barons; sometimes they were lawless; in important crises, nearly all of them tended to act without those established moral principles which fixed more or less the conduct of the common people of the community. . . . These men were robber barons as were their medieval counterparts, the dominating figures of an aggressive economic age. . . . Under their hands, the renovation of our economic life proceeded relentlessly; large-scale production replaced the scattered, decentralized mode of production; industrial enterprises became more concentrated, more 'efficient' technically, and essentially 'cooperative,' where they had been purely individualistic and lamentably wasteful." Matthew Josephson, historian, 1934 "What really lifted the giants above the rest was the ability to envision where the world, or their part of it, was going, and to act on that vision in a creative way. . . . From the days of Adam Smith, self-interest has been the acknowledged driving force of capitalism; the secret of the market system is that one person's self-interest can simultaneously serve the interests of others. Buyers and sellers, producers and consumers, investors and entrepreneurs take reciprocal advantage of each other. Success rewards those who can discover or create areas of reciprocity; the larger the area, the greater the success. . . . They were captains of industry; but like officers of volunteer regiments, they held their posts at the sufferance of those they led." H. W. Brands, historian, 1999 a) Briefly explain ONE major difference between Josephson's and Brands's historical interpretations of business leaders who rose to prominence between 1865 and 1900. Period 6 "[W]e have in [United States history] a recurrence of the process of evolution in each western area reached in the process of expansion. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line, but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new development for that area. American social development has been continually
beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character. The true point of view in the history of this nation is not the Atlantic coast, it is the Great West. . . . In this advance, the frontier is the outer edge of the wave —the meeting point between savagery and civilization." Patricia Nelson Limerick, historian, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West, 1987
3. Period 8 "An arrogant and stubborn faith in America's power to shape the course of foreign events compounded the dangers sown by ideological rigidity. Policymakers . . . shared a common . . . conviction that the United States not only should, but could, control political conditions in South Vietnam, as elsewhere throughout much of the world. This conviction had led Washington to intervene progressively deeper in South Vietnamese affairs over the years. . . . This conviction prompted policymakers to escalate the war. . . . Domestic political pressures exerted an equally powerful . . . influence over the course of U.S. involvement in Vietnam. . . . Another 'loss' to communism in East Asia risked renewed and devastating attacks from the right." Brian VanDeMark, historian, Into the Quagmire, 1995 "The escalation of U.S. military intervention [in Vietnam] grew out of a complicated chain of events and a complex web of decisions that slowly transformed the conflict . . . into an American war. . . . [President Lyndon Johnson] made the critical decisions that took the United States into war almost without realizing it. . . . Although impersonal forces . . . influenced the president's Vietnam decisions, those decisions depended primarily on his character, his motivations, and his relationships with his principal advisers. . . . The war in Vietnam was not lost in the field, nor was it lost on the front pages of The New York Times or on the college campuses. It was lost in Washington, D.C., even before Americans assumed sole responsibility for the fighting." H. R. McMaster, historian, Dereliction of Duty, 1997 a) Briefly explain ONE major difference between VanDeMark's and McMaster's historical interpretations of the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. What is one specific historical development that represents an accomplishment of the national government under the Articles of Confederation?The establishment of the Northwest Territories was a significant accomplishment of the U.S. government under the Articles of Confederation, given the weakness of its central decision-making power.
What is one specific historical difference between the role of religion in Spanish colonization and in the colonization of New England?Spanish colonists often treated colonization as a means of proselytizing native peoples while many New England colonists sought to create separate religious communities. New England colonists made religion more central to government and civic engagement than did the Spanish.
What is one major difference between Nash's and Maier's historical interpretations of the origins of the American Revolution?In other words, Nash thought cities led to the Revolution, while Maier thought ideas were the main cause.
How did the Second World War transform the relationship of the United States with the rest of the world?The Second World War led to economic, political, and military global dominance of the United States (“most powerful nation on earth” and advent of “American century”). The United States public accepted and/or supported an internationalist/interventionist foreign policy.
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Briefly describe ONE specific historical difference between the United States reaction
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