What was the significance of Ethan Allen William Prendergast and their followers quizlet?

U.S. History

1st EditionJohn Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen

567 solutions

Ways of the World: A Global History

3rd EditionRobert W. Strayer

232 solutions

America's History for the AP Course

8th EditionEric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self

470 solutions

America's History for the AP Course

9th EditionEric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self

961 solutions

A. Large boats, use of the wheel, domestication of horses, and iron tools Although the Aztecs, Maya, and Inca were very advanced societies, they did not develop either the wheel or iron tools, and horses were not present in the Americas until the coming of Europeans.

*B. Mineral wealth, large city centers, ritualized religions, and complex political systems The Aztec, Mayan, and Incan societies possessed mineral wealth, large city centers, ritualized religions, and complex political systems.

C. Written language, calendars, adobe homes, and extensive irrigation systems Although these three civilizations had some of these characteristics, they did not each have all three.

D. Large buildings, extensive trading networks, productive agriculture, and conquering armies These three civilizations all had large buildings, extensive trade networks, and productive agriculture, but the Maya did not have conquering armies.

*A. Settlement in the rain forest, occupation of multiple large cities, abandonment of cities The Mayans lived in the rain forests of the YucatÃ¡n peninsula and Guatemala; they built several large cities, and they declined as a result of an economic crisis.

B. A strict social hierarchy, extensive trade networks, and the practice of human sacrifices Mayans did not practice human sacrifice, though the Aztecs and Incas did.

C. Location in South America, development of pottery, and productive agriculture All three groups had pottery and productive agriculture, but the Inca, not the Maya, lived in South America.

D. Mineral wealth, urban centers, and a complex political system All three civilizations had these characteristics.

A. They were more thoroughly Muslim, arousing European anger. North Africa was very strongly Muslim.

B. They controlled trade with India, making them rivals. Trade routes between Asia and Europe did not cross western Africa.

C. They were more highly skilled, making them desirable as workers. The people of North Africa, with their sophisticated culture, were very highly skilled.

*D. They lived in less powerful, more rural societies, making them easier to seize. North Africa was a highly complex society with unified kingdoms, highly developed trade networks, cities, and Islam. Western Africa had communities that lived by hunting and subsistence agriculture.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "I [believed] . . . that we might form great friendship, for I knew that they were a people who could be more easily freed and converted to our holy faith by love than by force, gave to some of them red caps, and glass beads to put round their necks, and many other things of little value, which gave them great pleasure, and made them so much our friends that it was a marvel to see. They afterwards came to the ship's boats where we were, swimming and bringing us parrots, cotton threads in skeins, darts, and many other things; and we exchanged them for other things that we gave them, such as glass beads and small bells. In fine [In short], they took all, and gave what they had with good will. It appeared to me to be a race of people very poor in everything."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[When the natives saw that we were firing muskets without any result] . . . they cried out determined to stand firm . . . shooting so many arrows and hurling bamboo lances, charred pointed stakes, stones and mud at the Captain [Magellan] that he could scarce defend himself. . . . And so great a number came upon us that they pierced the right leg of the Captain with a poisoned arrow, wherefore he ordered that they gradually retreat. . . . [But] they had so many spears, darts and stones that they [the soldiers] could not withstand them, and the artillery of the fleet was so far away that it could not help them. And our men withdrew to the shore, fighting all the while. . . . They [the natives] recognized the Captain and so many assailed him that twice they knocked his sallet [helmet] from his head. And he, like a good knight, continued to stand firm with a few others, and they fought thus for more than an hour. . . . An Indian threw his bamboo spear into his [the Captain's] face and he immediately killed him [the native] with his own spear. . . . And the Captain tried to draw his sword and was able to draw it only half way, because he had been wounded in the arm with a spear. . . . The Christian king [a rival chief who converted to Christianity] would have helped us but . . . the Captain bade him not to leave the ship. . . . When the king learned that the Captain was dead he grieved much, and not without cause."

A. The one-way spread of animals, plants, and diseases from the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia The Columbian Exchange was more than a one-way transfer from one place to another.

*B. The circulation of animals, plants, and diseases between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas The Columbian exchange transformed life in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas by exchanging animals, plants, and diseases around the world.

C. The rapid growth of the native population of the Americas because of the new animals and plants introduced from Europe, Africa, and Asia The population of the Americas was devastated by the introduction of European diseases against which natives had no immunities.

D. The enslavement of native populations in the Americas to replace slaves brought from Africa who frequently died from diseases contracted in the Americas African slaves were brought to the Americas in increasing numbers to replace native slaves who died from European diseases.

A. The commercial exchange of guns for gold between Spaniards and Native Americans The Columbian exchange was not the trade of guns for gold.

B. The cultural exchange of religions between Spaniards and Native Americans The Columbian exchange was not the religious exchange of Christianity and native religions.

*C. The movement of germs, animals, plants, and seeds between Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa The Columbian exchange was an exchange of germs, animals, plants, and seeds around the Atlantic Ocean beginning in the late fifteenth century, when Columbus reached the Americas.

D. The exchange of ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas The Columbian exchange was not the exchange of ideas.

When she stopped speaking, everyone agreed that this was true, . . .[and] it seemed true . . . , for wherever the [Jesuit] Fathers went, God permitted death to accompany them so as to render more pure the faith of those who converted."

According to the Huron woman described in Ursuline nun Marie de L'Incarnation's letter to her superiors, why were the Jesuits a danger to the Huron?

A. Lacking education, the Jesuits would inhibit Indian education. The Jesuits were renowned for their erudition, and the letter specifically mentions the books they read.

*B. Wherever the Jesuits went, people died as if by magic. According to the letter, the Huron woman complained that the Jesuits "set themselves up in a village where everyone is feeling fine; no sooner are they there, but everyone dies except for three or four people She had no explanation for how this continued to happen except that the Jesuits were responsible.

C. As missionaries, the Jesuits aimed to change Indians' religion. The letter does not mention any fear of the Jesuits' mission of conversion.

D. Having come from France, the Jesuits threatened the Huron alliance with England. The letter does not mention any threat to an alliance.

A sketched portrait of Pocahontas wearing a hat, a dress, and a high lace collar.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

The engraving of Pocahontas in English-style aristocratic clothes was likely intended to achieve which purpose?

A. Humiliate Pocahontas by making her wear unfamiliar fashions The depiction is not intended to humiliate Pocahontas.

B. Hide the fact that Pocahontas had been born a Native American in Virginia There is no mistaking Pocahontas's native heritage in the engraving. The words around the side mention "Powhatan," her father, and her birth name, "Matoaka."

C. Warn the French against attempting to trade with England's Indian allies Although the English enjoyed an alliance with Pocahontas's father, Powhatan, the engraving does not appear to address that issue.

*D. Promote settlement in Virginia by showing Indians as friendly to English ways Pocahontas married an Englishman, John Rolfe, traveled to England, and took the name Rebecca. The image was produced by the Virginia Company, as if to suggest that since Indians were open to English ways, settlement in Virginia was safe.

*A. They were aided by the local Indians. Like so many European groups who came before them, the Pilgrims survived their first months in the New World with the aid of local Indians. In the Pilgrims' case, Massasoit and his people supplied them with seeds, fishing gear, and other goods that allowed them to take advantage of the short growing season and the abundant fish and wildlife in the region.

B. Reinforcements arrived in the spring. New settlers did arrive in the summer of 1621, but it was not the rush of fresh colonists that helped the Pilgrims recover from the harsh winter of 1620.

C. They received a charter that granted self-government. In 1622, the Pilgrims received a charter that gave them the right to Plymouth Plantation and an amount of self-government. The charter, however, did not aid in the recovery from the difficult winter of 1620.

D. They murdered the chief of the Massachusetts tribe. In 1623, Captain Miles Standish killed the chief of the Massachusetts tribe and his brother, which strengthened the Pilgrims' recovery from the difficult winter of 1620.

A. The enclosure movement Although enclosure, or the closing off of fields for pasture, caused thousands of peasant farmers to lose their land, the Puritans did not believe that enclosure was at the root of the economic downturn in England.

B. A succession of harsh winters Terrible weather was not the cause of the economic and social turmoil in England, nor did Puritans believe it to be.

*C. God's anger Puritans believed that the failed harvests, famine, rising prices, increase in the number of beggars and vagrants, and rise in crime and taxes were all signs that God was punishing England and its people for their sins.

D. The population boom The Puritans did not blame the economic downturn on the population boom in England, which was partially due to the high-yielding, high-calorie crops brought back from the Americas.

The second Belt was sent from their Children born, & those yet in the womb, Requesting that Room to sport & Play without danger of Slavery, might be allowed them.

The third Belt was sent from their young men fitt to Hunt, that privilege to leave their Towns, & seek provision for their aged, might be granted to them without fear of Death or Slavery.

The fourth was sent from the men of age, Requesting that the Wood, by a happy peace, might be as safe for them as their forts."

In the 1710 Tuscarora Appeal to the Pennsylvania Government, why is slavery mentioned on several occasions?

*A. The Tuscarora sought guarantees that their members would not be enslaved. There was a significant trade in Indian slaves that, although it predated European arrival, accelerated with the increased pace of wars brought about by the introduction of guns.

B. The Tuscarora sought to engage in the Atlantic slave trade without restrictions. The Tuscarora did not seek to engage in the Atlantic slave trade.

C. The Tuscarora demanded the abolition of slavery and the slave trade. The Tuscarora did not demand abolition in their appeal.

D. The Tuscarora asked British officials to provide them with slaves in exchange for military assistance. The Tuscarora did not ask to be given slaves in the document.

A. Trade became increasingly free, with slaves forbidden from working on merchant ships. Slavery continued to be a crucial part of commerce in the eighteenth century.

B. Trade became increasingly open, with colonists permitted to trade freely across imperial boundaries. Beginning in 1660, Parliament had passed Navigation Acts requiring that trade be carried only in English ships.

*C. Trade became increasingly global, with goods moving to markets around the world. In North America, colonists could obtain goods such as silk, calico, porcelain, olive oil, and wine from Asia, while colonial products such as cod, pine boards, and rum were exported to a global market.

D. Trade became increasingly local, with most goods produced near where they were sold. Although a large domestic market developed, goods from around the world were often available for purchase in the colonies.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[N]ow that the whole ship's cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable; and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself I was soon reduced so low here that it was thought necessary to keep me almost always on deck; and from my extreme youth I was not put in fetters. . . ."

A. They held almost 90 percent of the population. In the eighteenth century almost 90 percent of the colonial population lived in rural areas.

B. These were the oldest cities in North America. Although Boston was an old city, by colonial standards, Philadelphia and Charleston were relatively new.

C. They had the largest slave markets. Although Charleston had one of the largest slave markets, Boston did not.

*D. They were the major port cities of British North America. New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, and Baltimore were the major port cities in North America. As such, these cities were the centers of economic, social, political, and cultural activity in the colonies, even though almost 90 percent of the colonial population lived in rural areas.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Our Europeans, who are purchased [indentured servants and redemptioners], must always work hard, for new fields are constantly laid out; and so they learn that stumps of oak-trees are in America certainly as hard as in Germany. In this hot land they fully experience in their own persons what God has imposed on man for his sin and disobedience; for in Genesis we read the words: In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread. Who therefore wishes to earn his bread in a Christian and honest way, and cannot earn it in his fatherland otherwise than by the work of his hands, let him do so in his own country, and not in America; for he will not fare better in America. However hard he may be compelled to work in his fatherland, he will surely find it quite as hard, if not harder, in the new country. Besides, there is not only the long and arduous journey lasting half a year, during which he has to suffer, more than with the hardest work; he has also spent about 200 florins which no one will refund to him. If he has so much money, it will slip out of his hands; if he has it not, he must work his debt off as a slave and poor serf."

A photo shows a flyer featuring an advertisement for salve auction. Text reads, To be sold on board the ship Bance Island, on Tuesday the sixth of May next at Ashley Ferry, a choice cargo of about 250 fine healthy negroes just arrived from the Windward and Rice coast. The utmost care has already been taken, and shall be continued, to keep them free from the least danger of being infected with the small pox, no boat having been on board, and all other communication with people from Charlestown prevented. Austin, Laurens, and Appleby.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the fact that newspapers contained advertisements such as the image of "Sale of Slaves in Charleston, South Carolina" show about colonial America?

A. That slaves were more likely to be sick than white workers Although the advertisement mentions the health of the slaves, it does not imply that slaves were more likely to be ill than white workers.

*B. That slavery was accepted as normal Advertisements for slave sales were a regular part of colonial newspapers and a part of life that people at the time thought unremarkable. It was accepted as a normal part of their lives.

C. That slavery was attacked as immoral The image does not attack slavery as immoral.

D. That slaves were replacing indentured servants Although slavery was expanding as indentured servitude declined, the advertisement does not speak to how the two were related.

*A. Class conflict, political tensions, fear of Indian raids, and a local debate about church leadership By 1692, conflicts between farmers and merchants, political uncertainty, the threat of Native American violence, and a disagreement about the selection of a new minister created an atmosphere of anxiety in Salem, Massachusetts. This tense environment led to over one hundred accusations of witchcraft, twenty-seven trials, and twenty executions.

B. A series of violent storms, an epidemic, and a growing tension between science and religion in Massachusetts Although weather and disease were often interpreted as signs from Satan, there is no evidence that violent storms or an epidemic plagued Salem in the 1690s.

C. Land conflicts, a decline in marriage rates, and a debate concerning a peace treaty with the local Indians While land conflicts characterized Puritan New England, marriage rates were not declining and there was no pending peace treaty with Indians.

D. An economic depression, a debate over slavery, and rising tensions concerning the role of the church in colonial administration While there were economic uncertainties in New England, neither slavery nor the fusion of church and state in Puritan New England was a source of conflict in Salem in the 1690s.

A. As more Puritan women married Indians, Puritans feared that native practices they associated with the devil would become more popular as well. Although anxieties about Indians played a role in the witch trials, marriage to Indians was not the problem.

B. As the number of men outstripped the number of women in New England communities, men unable to find a wife blamed witches for their failure. The sexes were roughly balanced in New England, and marriage was almost universal.

C. With more land available for farming in New England, men refused to marry, leading women to fear the influence of witches. Over time as the population increased, farms were divided into parcels too small to farm effectively. As a result, New England men searched for new lands in the West.

*D. With fewer men available as potential mates, young women began to resent older women, whom they accused of witchcraft. With more men leaving to seek new land in the West, young women were left with fewer prospects for a good match. However, instead of blaming men, the young women banded together to condemn older women, even those from respectable backgrounds.

A painting shows Isaac Royall and his family dressed in rich clothing, accompanied by text. Text reads, Elite Women's Lives in the North American Colonies. By the 1740s, elite women were viewed as paragons of piety and domesticity. Yet many contributed wealth and management skills to family enterprises. The painting by Robert Feke (Source 4.2) portrays Isaac Royall of Medford, Massachusetts, with his wife, Elizabeth, and his daughter, sister, and sister-in-law. Isaac's estate was built on his deceased father's trade in rum, sugar, and slaves from Antigua. Elizabeth cared for the family and its staff, including several slaves. In Source 4.3, twenty-year-old Eliza Lucas, born on Antigua, describes her typical routine. Although young and single, she managed her father's South Carolina plantations, adding substantially to the family's wealth.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

In the portrait of Isaac Royall and His Family (1741), the way the father is depicted standing above his wife, children, and sister-in-law emphasizes which family ideal?

A. Egalitarian family The painting does not depict an egalitarian family ideal.

B. Nuclear family The painting does not depict a nuclear family ideal.

*C. Patriarchal family A common ideal in the eighteenth century, the patriarchal family was one in which fathers held absolute authority over wives, children, and servants. Although challenged, it was seen as a source of stability in a rapidly changing culture.

D. Blended family The painting does not depict a blended family ideal.

The way that the family of Isaac Royall appears in the portrait he commissioned suggests that the family was

*A. elite. Since portraits were expensive, they would require substantial means to have painted. Moreover, the clothes the family wears and the furnishings of the setting depicted also suggest wealth.

B. middle class. The clothes and setting depicted in the painting do not suggest that the family was middle class.

C. working class. The clothes and setting depicted in the painting do not suggest that the family was working class.

D. poor. The clothes and setting depicted in the painting do not suggest that the family was poor.

A. They show that the legal system was established to safeguard the rights of women. While the legal system was not deaf to crimes against women, petitions, advertisements, and reports do not evidence a system established to protect women.

*B. They reveal the limits of male power. By seeking legal redress or escape from patriarchal authority, petitions, lawsuits, and ads for escaped women and servants provide evidence that the authority of males in society was far from absolute.

C. They document the increasing power of the patriarchal family. While men possessed great power and authority in colonial society, divorce petitions, advertisements for runaways, and lawsuits suggest challenges to this power rather than its growth.

D. They provide evidence that women and servants were viewed similarly by the law. Whereas women and servants held similarly inferior positions in terms of the law, divorce petitions, lawsuits regarding rape, and reports of domestic violence do not suggest that they shared legal status.

*A. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware German and Scots-Irish immigrants to colonial North America tended to settle in the backcountry areas of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

B. Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston German and Scots-Irish immigrants to colonial North America did not tend to settle in urban areas such as Boston, Philadelphia, or Charleston.

C. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire German and Scots-Irish immigrants to colonial North America did not tend to settle in New England colonies such as Connecticut, Massachusetts, or New Hampshire.

D. Jamaica, Barbados, and Bermuda German and Scots-Irish immigrants to colonial North America did not tend to settle in West Indian colonies such as Jamaica, Barbados, or Bermuda.

*A. The sinfulness of man The corruption of man was at the heart of the theology of Edwards, Tennent, and Frelinghuysen. Only when men and women recognized their sinful nature, according to these preachers, would they be able to enjoy a spiritual rebirth.

B. The purity of man A belief in the purity of man was not elemental to the theology of Edwards, Tennent, and Frelinghuysen.

C. Universal grace Although everyone could be saved, not everyone would be saved. According to Edwards, Tennent, and Frelinghuysen, grace had to be earned; it was not given to everyone.

D. The importance of the Bible An emphasis on the importance of the Bible was not elemental to the theology of Edwards, Tennent, and Frelinghuysen.

A. Fort Pitt Located near modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Fort Pitt, the former Fort Duquesne, was the site of a British victory, but it did not open a route to Canada.

B. Fort Ticonderoga Located near Albany, New York, Fort Ticonderoga was the site of a British victory, but it did not open a route to Canada.

C. Lake Champlain Although straddling the border between New York and Canada, British victories along the lake did not open an invasion route into Canada.

*D. Louisburg When the British recaptured Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, they pried open France's defenses of Canada and its key cities that lay along the St. Lawrence River.

A. Both supported Indians who aimed to restrain colonists' movement west. Sailors, dockworkers, shipowners, and merchants did not support Indians against colonists hoping to move west.

*B. Both supported protests against impressments by the Royal Navy. Even though they came from different classes, both sailors and dockworkers and shipowners and merchants had a common interest in opposing impressments, which disrupted trade and took men away from their ships to serve in the Royal Navy.

C. Both supported colonial officials' attempts to enforce British law. Sailors, dockworkers, shipowners, and merchants did not support colonial officials attempting to enforce British laws.

D. Both supported the privileges of Hudson valley property owners. Sailors, dockworkers, shipowners, and merchants did not support Hudson valley proprietors.

A. low unemployment, falling wages, and a downturn in trade. Unemployment increased in the wake of the French and Indian War.

B. rising unemployment, stable wages, and an increase in trade. Wages were not stable in the 1760s, and trade was sagging.

*C. rising unemployment, falling wages, and a downturn in trade. The colonial economy suffered from increased unemployment, decreased wages, and a downturn in trade in the 1760s.

D. low unemployment, falling wages, and an increase in trade. Unemployment was rising in the 1760s, and trade was falling.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: ". . . by an act passed in the fifth year of his present Majesty, for granting and applying certain stamp duties, and other duties, in the British colonies and plantations in America, with several regulations and restraints, which, if founded in acts of parliament for defined purposes, are represented to have been extended in such a manner as to disturb legal commerce and harass the fair trader, have so far interrupted the usual and former most fruitful branches of their commerce, restrained the sale of their produce, thrown the state of the several provinces into confusion, and brought on so great a number of actual bankruptcies, that the former opportunities and means of remittances and payments are utterly lost and taken from them; and that the petitioners are, by these unhappy events, reduced to the necessity of applying to the House, in order to secure themselves and their families from impending ruin; to prevent a multitude of manufacturers from becoming a burthen to the community, or else seeking their bread in other countries, to the irretrievable loss of this kingdom; and to preserve the strength of this nation entire."

A cartoon shows women signing a document, pouring tea into trash, flirting with men, and leaving their child unattended while a dog licks its ears.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

The image of a Society of Patriotic Women at Edenton, North Carolina, depicts the women who protested British policy by refusing to drink tea as

A. sincere patriots resisting tyranny. The title "Patriotic Women" is not meant as a compliment.

*B. truly interested in socializing, not politics. The cartoon aims to ridicule the women of Edenton. A woman in the center flirts with a man. In the background, another man puts his arm around a woman. Under the table, a child spills a tray and no one notices because they are too busy talking.

C. good subjects, loyal to king and Parliament. The women are not depicted as good subjects.

D. firebrands demanding immediate independence. There is no indication that the women have independence on their minds, according to the cartoon.

But where, say some, is the King of America? I will tell you, friend, he reigns above, and does not make havock of mankind like the royal brute of Great Britain. Yet that we may not appear to be defective even in earthly honors, let a day be solemnly set apart for proclaiming the charter; let it be brought forth, placed on the divine law, the word of God: let a crown be placed thereon, by which the world may know that so far we approve of monarchy, that in America, THE LAW IS KING. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the Law ought to be King; and there ought to be no other. But lest any ill use should afterwards arise, let the crown, at the conclusion of the ceremony, be demolished, and scattered among the people whose right it is."

What tone did Thomas Paine adopt when discussing the king in Common Sense?

A. Somber Paine's tone was not somber.

*B. Satiric Paine repeatedly ridiculed the king, calling him one of the "crowned ruffians," someone who does nothing but spend money and go to war and expect to be worshipped.

C. Proud Paine was not proud of the king.

D. Joyful Paine was not happy to have a king.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "But where, say some, is the King of America? I will tell you, friend, he reigns above, and does not make havock of mankind like the royal brute of Great Britain. Yet that we may not appear to be defective even in earthly honors, let a day be solemnly set apart for proclaiming the charter; let it be brought forth, placed on the divine law, the word of God: let a crown be placed thereon, by which the world may know that so far we approve of monarchy, that in America, THE LAW IS KING. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the Law ought to be King; and there ought to be no other. But lest any ill use should afterwards arise, let the crown, at the conclusion of the ceremony, be demolished, and scattered among the people whose right it is."

*A. Fewer than 5,000 George Washington had about 5,000 soldiers under his command. This is in stark contrast to the British army with their Indian allies and Hessian mercenaries.

B. About 10,000 In January 1777, George Washington had fewer than 10,000 soldiers under his command.

C. About 15,000 In January 1777, George Washington had fewer than 15,000 soldiers under his command.

D. About 20,000 In January 1777, George Washington had fewer than 20,000 soldiers under his command.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Brothers: We are still of the same opinion as to the means which may tend to reconcile us to each other; and we are sorry to find, although we had the best thoughts in our minds, during the beforementioned period, mischief has, nevertheless, happened between you and us. We are still anxious of putting our plan of accommodation into execution, and we shall briefly inform you of the means that seem most probable to us of effecting a firm and lasting peace and reconciliation: the first step towards which should, in our opinion, be, that all treaties carried on with the United States, on our parts, should be with the general voice of the whole confederacy, and carried on in the most open manner, without any restraint on either side; and especially as landed matters are often the subject of our councils with you, a matter of the greatest importance and of general concern to us, in this case we hold it indispensably necessary that any cession of our lands should be made in the most public manner, and by the united voice of the confederacy; holding all partial treaties as void and of no effect."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Now, was she permitted the same instructors as her brother, . . . for the employment of a rational mind an ample field would be opened. In astronomy she might catch a glimpse of the immensity of the Deity, and thence she would form amazing conceptions of the august and supreme Intelligence. In geography she would admire Jehovah in the midst of his benevolence; thus adapting this globe to the various wants and amusements of its inhabitants. In natural philosophy she would adore the infinite majesty of heaven, clothed in condescension; and as she traversed the reptile world, she would hail the goodness of a creating God. . . . Will it be urged that those acquirements would supersede our domestick duties. I answer that every requisite in female economy is easily attained; and, with truth I can add, that when once attained, they require no further mental attention. Nay, while we are pursuing the needle, or the superintendency of the family, I repeat, that our minds are at full liberty for reflection; that imagination may exert itself in full vigor; and that if a just foundation is early laid, our ideas will then be worthy of rational beings. . . . [I]s it reasonable, that a candidate for immortality . . . be allowed no other ideas, than those which are suggested by the mechanism of a pudding, or the sewing the seams of a garment?"

A. Because he saw women as inherently equal to men intellectually Rush did not base his argument on the natural equality between the sexes.

*B. So that women could raise their sons to be good citizens in the new nation According to the thinking common in the new nation, women had a crucial role to play in shaping the political character of their sons and husbands. As a result, they needed to be educated in literature, music, composition, geography, history, and bookkeeping.

C. Because with women allowed to vote, they would need to be well informed Only a tiny minority of women in New Jersey were allowed to vote in certain circumstances; otherwise, women did not vote.

D. So that women could become doctors, lawyers, and business owners The goal of educating women was not for them to pursue careers.

A. The Whiskey Rebellion involved elite Philadelphia merchants, while Shays's Rebellion involved backcountry Massachusetts farmers. While Shays's Rebellion involved backcountry Massachusetts farmers, the Whiskey Rebellion involved backcountry Pennsylvania farmers, not Philadelphia elites.

*B. The central government crushed the Whiskey Rebellion, while it had been powerless to stop Shays's Rebellion. Unlike the government's anemic response to Shays's Rebellion, which frightened Hamilton and Washington, the Whiskey Rebellion was put down by a show of force. The incident showed that the new Constitution government was much stronger than the Articles of Confederation government.

C. The British were responsible for fomenting the Whiskey Rebellion, while Shays's Rebellion was led by Americans. Although Shays's Rebellion was led by Americans, the British were not behind the Whiskey Rebellion.

D. The Whiskey Rebellion broke out over foreign policy, while Shays's Rebellion protested domestic tax policy. Foreign policy was not the reason for the Whiskey Rebellion, although Shays's Rebellion did involve domestic tax issues.

The painting shows Liberty, depicted as a woman, sitting in a room and giving books to black people bowing and kneeling in front of her. More black people are outside the room, observing the scene. A broken chain, a globe, a painting palette, and a harp are at her feet. Text reads, Samuel Jennings was born in Philadelphia and attended the College of Philadelphia before the Revolution. He taught drawing and painted portraits before moving to London to study with Benjamin West in 1787. There his allegorical paintings were exhibited at the Royal Academy. Jennings painted this image for the newly established Library Company of Philadelphia, many of whose directors were Quakers who opposed slavery. The directors requested that he include Lady Liberty with her cap on the end of a pole.<br><br>The questions are as follows, Which arts and sciences are displayed in this painting? What does the broken chain at the feet of Lady Liberty indicate? What distinguishes the black people inside and outside the building? Put It in Context, What does this painting suggest about how Jennings and the Library Company directors envisioned American identities in the early republic?
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

According to Samuel Jennings's painting of Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, what is the relationship between the arts and sciences and slavery?

*A. Learning the arts and sciences can provide liberation from the bondage of slavery. Commissioned by the Quaker-influenced Library Company of Philadelphia, the image presents an argument against slavery. The figure of Lady Liberty is shown with a broken chain at her feet, a message that learning can liberate the enslaved.

B. The arts and sciences are crucial to preserving the legality of slavery from attacks by abolitionists. The painting does not advocate the preservation of slavery.

C. By instructing slaves in the arts and sciences, they will become more productive plantation workers. The painting does not promote the arts and sciences as a way of obtaining a more productive slave workforce.

D. The arts and sciences should focus on practical training rather than moral questions about slavery. The moral question of slavery is at the heart of the painting's message.

Why was Samuel Jennings's painting Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, 1792 so provocative for its time?

A. It was the first portrayal of liberty as a woman. The portrayal of liberty as a woman was not provocative at the time, and instead was quite familiar to the artists of the Enlightenment.

B. It was the first pictorial celebration of arts and sciences rather than religion. Artists had made the arts and sciences the subject of their paintings before.

*C. It symbolized America by incorporating women and African Americans. What made Jennings's Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences so provocative and radical at the time was that it portrayed Lady Liberty offering a book to a group of attentive African Americans.

D. The painting idealized Native Americans and mocked American colonists. The painting did not idealize Native Americans or mock American colonists.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The course of things in the neighboring islands of the West Indies appears to have given a considerable impulse to the minds of the slaves in different parts of the U.S. A great disposition to insurgency has manifested itself among them, which, in one instance, in the state of Virginia, broke out into actual insurrection. This was easily suppressed; but many of those concerned (between 20 and 30, I believe) fell victims to the law. So extensive an execution could not but excite sensibility in the public mind, and beget a regret that the laws had not provided, for such cases, some alternative, combining more mildness with equal efficacy. The legislature of the state, at a subsequent meeting, took the subject into consideration, and have communicated to me . . . their wish that some place could be provided, out of the limits of the U.S., to which slaves guilty of insurgency might be transported; and they have particularly looked to Africa as offering the most desirable receptacle. We might for this purpose, enter into negotiations with the natives, on some part of the coast, to obtain a settlement and, by establishing an African company, combine with it commercial operations, which might not only reimburse expenses but procure profit also."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The course of things in the neighboring islands of the West Indies appears to have given a considerable impulse to the minds of the slaves in different parts of the U.S. A great disposition to insurgency has manifested itself among them, which, in one instance, in the state of Virginia, broke out into actual insurrection. This was easily suppressed; but many of those concerned, (between 20 and 30, I believe) fell victims to the law. So extensive an execution could not but excite sensibility in the public mind, and beget a regret that the laws had not provided, for such cases, some alternative, combining more mildness with equal efficacy. The legislature of the state, at a subsequent meeting, took the subject into consideration, and have communicated to me . . . their wish that some place could be provided, out of the limits of the U.S., to which slaves guilty of insurgency might be transported; and they have particularly looked to Africa as offering the most desirable receptacle. We might for this purpose, enter into negotiations with the natives, on some part of the coast, to obtain a settlement and, by establishing an African company, combine with it commercial operations, which might not only reimburse expenses but procure profit also."

But the moment of enjoying these pleasures is, I fear, far distant. The negroes have felt during ten years the blessing of liberty, for a blessing it certainly is, however acquired, and then will not easily be deprived of it. They have fought and vanquished French troops, and their strength has increased from a knowledge of the weakness of their opposer, and the climate itself combats for them. . . .

Every evening several old Creoles . . . assemble at our house, and talk of their affairs. One of them . . . now lives in a miserable hut. . . . Yet he still hopes for better days, in which hope they all join him."

In her letter to Aaron Burr, what is Leonora Sansay's overall attitude toward the future of Haiti?

A. Optimistic Sansay is not optimistic about the future of Haiti.

B. Frightened Although concerned, Sansay does not appear immediately frightened about the future.

*C. Ambivalent Sansay is ambivalent. She would like to see slavery return, but she knows that once people have experienced "the blessings of liberty" they "will not easily be deprived of it."

D. Gloomy Although her letter is tinged with foreboding, she is not completely pessimistic about the future for her in Haiti.

In labour delight; make a pleasure of toil. . . .

They too lazy to work, drive slaves, whom they fear;

We school our own children, and brew our own beer.

We do a day's work and go fearless to bed;

Tho' lock'd up, they dream of slaves, whom they dread. . . .

They may boast of their blacks; we boast of our plenty,

And swear to be free, eighteen hundred and twenty. . . .

South and West, now be honest, to MAINE give her due,

If you call her a child, she's an Hercules too.

A Sister in Union admit her, as free;

To be coupled with slaves, she will never agree.

In his broadside Maine Not to Be Coupled with the Missouri Question, what is Timothy Claimright's argument against the Missouri Compromise?

A. The Compromise would only delay a solution to the slavery problem. Claimright does not discuss the Missouri Compromise as a shortsighted, temporary solution.

B. Demands that Maine forbid slavery is an outrage to Maine residents. Maine did not permit slavery, a fact Claimright is proud of.

*C. Involving Maine in slavery in any way is an insult to Maine's good people. The final line of the poem encapsulates its theme that Maine will have nothing to do with slavery: "To be coupled with slaves, she will never agree."

D. Maine deserves to be compensated for agreeing to go along with the Compromise. Claimright does not ask for compensation for Maine for agreeing to the Missouri Compromise.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "But this momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say, with conscious truth, that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way. The cession of that kind of property [slavery], for so it is misnamed, is a bagatelle [an insignificant thing] which would not cost me a second thought, if, in that way, a general emancipation and expatriation could be effected; and, gradually, and with due sacrifices, I think it might be. But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other."

A. In Concord, Massachusetts Concord was a center for poets, writers, and artists connected to the transcendentalist movement of the 1830s.

B. In Philadelphia African American evangelicals found many new followers in Philadelphia in the 1830s and 1840s, but this was not where the second wave of revivals began.

C. In Rochester Rochester was a center of revivalism in the 1820s, but the second revivalist movement did not start there.

*D. In Cane Ridge, Kentucky The second wave of religious revivals began in Cane Ridge, Kentucky, in 1801, took root across the South, and then spread northward.

1 Public opinion, a powerful instrument, ought to be brought to bear on the subject. All honourable members of society, male and female, ought to unite in denouncing those who 'grind the faces of the poor'. . . .

2 Let the employments of females be multiplied as much as possible. . . . especially in shop-keeping in retail stores. . . .

4 Let the Provident Societies, intended to furnish employment for women in winter, be munificently supported; and let those Societies give fair and liberal wages. . . .

6 Let schools be opened for instructing poor women in cooking. Good cooks are always scarce. . . .

8 Ladies who can afford it, ought to give out their sewing and washing, and pay fair prices. . . .

9 In the towns in the interior of the state, and in those in western states, there is generally a want of females as domestics, seamstresses, etc. . . . [the rich should] provide for sending some of the superabundant poor females of our cities to those places."

According to Mathew Carey, which of the following actions should be taken to help poor women?

A. Poor women should stay home with their children. Carey's comments assume that poor women should be working rather than staying home. He writes: "Let the employments of females be multiplied as much as possible."

*B. More women should learn a skill to find better work. According to Carey, one improvement to the lives of poor women would come from learning a skill. "Let schools be opened for instructing poor women in cooking," he writes. "Good cooks are always scarce."

C. The government should provide child care for single mothers. Carey does not recommend government action in general, nor does he discuss child care for single mothers in particular.

D. Rich men should be encouraged to marry poor women. Carey says nothing about rich men marrying poor single women, although he does encourage wealthy women to hire poor women to do their laundry.

2 Let the employments of females be multiplied as much as possible. . . . especially in shop-keeping in retail stores. . . .

4 Let the Provident Societies, intended to furnish employment for women in winter, be munificently supported; and let those Societies give fair and liberal wages. . . .

6 Let schools be opened for instructing poor women in cooking. Good cooks are always scarce. . . .

8 Ladies who can afford it, ought to give out their sewing and washing, and pay fair prices. . . .

According to Mathew Carey, which of the following factors is responsible for the plight of poor women?

A. Alcoholism and drug addiction Carey does not blame alcoholism or drug addiction for women's poverty.

B. Being abandoned by their husbands Carey does not discuss the problem of being abandoned by husbands as a source of female poverty.

*C. The low pay offered by employers Carey condemns employers who do not pay good wages. "All honourable members of society, male and female," he writes, "ought to unite in denouncing those who 'grind the faces of the poor.'"

D. Having children before marriage Carey does not discuss having children before marriage as a source of hardship for women.

And now were I addressing the . . . Common Council of this City I would say, 'Give the ladies power to point, in their visits of mercy, to a 'work House, where idle drunken fathers and mothers must go and work'. . . . [T]his being granted, the idle Drunken inhabitants . . . Being safely . . . out of the way of the sick members of their own families . . . the objection to becoming a visitor . . . will be lessened at once."

According to Emily Kempshall, why do members of the Rochester Female Charitable Society have a hard time visiting the city's poor?

*A. The city's poor live in areas no respectable middle-class woman would go. Kempshall believes that she cannot send women volunteers to some parts of the city without risking their safety and reputation. "Whole Districts," she writes, "are appointed to females as visitors of the S[ociety] where no decent female should go, to look after and try to assist, their vile and degraded inhabitants."

B. The Society lacks funds to provide transportation to the worst urban areas. Kempshall does not blame a lack of transportation funds as the reason her volunteers cannot visit the city's poor.

C. The city's poor do not want help from outsiders such as middle-class women. Kempshall does not discuss whether or not the city's poor want assistance from her group.

D. The Common Council has cut the Society's funding for poor relief. Kempshall does not say that the Common Council has reduced funding for poor relief.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "In this wretched hovel, all colors, except white—the only guilty one—both sexes, and all ages, are confined, exposed indiscriminately to all the contamination which may be expected in such society and under such seclusion. The inmates of the gaol, of this class I mean, are even worse treated; some of them, if my informants are to be believed, having been actually frozen to death, during the inclement winters which often prevail in the country. While I was in the city, Robey had got possession of a woman, whose term of slavery was limited to six years. It was expected that she would be sold before the expiration of that period, and sent away to a distance, where the assertion of her claim would subject her to ill-usage. Cases of this kind are very common."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "I hope your honorable body will hasten on reinforcements, ammunition, and provisions to our aid, . . . At least five hundred pounds of cannon powder, and two hundred rounds of six, nine, twelve, and eighteen pound balls—ten kegs of rifle powder, and a supply of lead, should be sent to this place without delay, under a sufficient guard.

If these things are promptly sent and large reinforcements are hastened to this frontier, this neighborhood will be the great and decisive battle ground. The power of Santa Ana is to be met here, or in the colonies; we had better meet them here, than to suffer a war of desolation to rage in our settlements. A blood-red banner waves from the church of Bejar, and in the camp above us, in token that the war is one of vengeance against rebels; they have declared us such, and demanded that we should surrender at discretion, or that this garrison should be put to the sword. Their threats have had no influence on me, or my men, but to make all fight with desperation, and that high souled courage which characterizes the patriot, who is willing to die in defence of his country's liberty and his own honor."

According to William Travis, why should reinforcements be sent to the Alamo at once?

A. The officers were frightened and contemplating surrender. Travis disavows surrender and says his men are prepared to fight to the last.

*B. His men are on the verge of defeating the Mexican army. Travis argues that with timely reinforcements "this neighborhood will be the great and decisive battle ground," perhaps to show that his cause was not as desperate as it seemed and therefore still worth the commitment of new men and supplies.

C. More supplies would allow him to attack the Mexican base. Travis does not indicate that he plans an offensive against the Mexican army's base of operations; rather, he plans to defend his current position.

D. Without help, his siege of the Alamo would surely fail. Travis was inside the Alamo, defending it from a siege conducted by the Mexican army.

"But the prime cause and the real objects of this war are not distinctly understood by a large portion of the honest, disinterested, and well-meaning citizens of the United States. . . . [M]any of them have been deceived and misled by the misrepresentations of those concerned in it, and especially by hireling writers for the newspaper press. They have been induced to believe that the inhabitants of Texas were engaged in a legitimate contest for the maintenance of the sacred principles of Liberty, and the natural, inalienable Rights of Man: whereas . . . . the immediate cause and the leading object of this contest originated in a settled design, among the slaveholders of this country (with land speculators and slave-traders), to wrest the large and valuable territory of Texas from the Mexican Republic, in order to re-establish the SYSTEM OF SLAVERY; to open a vast and profitable SLAVE-MARKET therein; and, ultimately, to annex it to the United States. . . . The Slaveholding Interest is now paramount in the Executive branch of our national government; and its influence operates, indirectly, yet powerfully, through that medium, in favor of this Grand Scheme of Oppression and Tyrannical Usurpation."

Writing in 1836, journalist Benjamin Lundy argued that the war in Texas was caused by

A. the need to defend Texan liberty. Lundy mentioned that others have said the war is about defending Texas liberty, but he didn't believe it.

B. Mexican aggression. Lundy did not blame Mexico's stance toward Texas for the outbreak of war.

C. abolitionist agitation. Lundy sympathized with the abolitionist position and did not blame them for war in Texas.

*D. a desire to expand slavery. Commenting that arguments to the contrary are mistaken, Lundy argued that the war in Texas was really about slavery. It was a war, he wrote, "to wrest the large and valuable territory of Texas from the Mexican Republic, in order to re-establish the SYSTEM OF SLAVERY; to open a vast and profitable SLAVE-MARKET therein; and, ultimately, to annex it to the United States."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The Slaveholding Interest is now paramount in the Executive branch of our national government; and its influence operates, indirectly, yet powerfully, through that medium, in favor of this Grand Scheme of Oppression and Tyrannical Usurpation. Whether the national Legislature will join hands with the Executive, and lend its aid to this most unwarrantable, aggressive attempt, will depend on the VOICE OF THE PEOPLE, expressed in their primary assemblies, by their petitions, and through the ballot-boxes."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "But the prime cause and the real objects of this war are not distinctly understood by a large portion of the honest, disinterested, and well-meaning citizens of the United States. . . . [M]any of them have been deceived and misled by the misrepresentations of those concerned in it, and especially by hireling writers for the newspaper press. They have been induced to believe that the inhabitants of Texas were engaged in a legitimate contest for the maintenance of the sacred principles of Liberty, and the natural, inalienable Rights of Man: whereas . . . . the immediate cause and the leading object of this contest originated in a settled design, among the slaveholders of this country (with land speculators and slave-traders), to wrest the large and valuable territory of Texas from the Mexican Republic, in order to re-establish the SYSTEM OF SLAVERY; to open a vast and profitable SLAVE-MARKET therein; and, ultimately, to annex it to the United States."

A. With new chores and responsibilities came new decision-making power. Despite the growing burdens on pioneer women, they gained little power in decision making.

*B. In the absence of men, women would often serve as scouts or pick up guns in defense against Indians. When large numbers of men were injured or ill, women would serve as scouts and guides or would pick up guns to defend wagons under attack by Indians or wild animals.

C. Just as women picked up men's jobs, men took on women's jobs. Although women had to take on a range of new chores and responsibilities that had been traditionally those of men, this was rarely reciprocated. Few men cooked, did laundry, or cared for children on the trail.

D. When men died on the trail, wives typically turned back and returned home. When men took ill or died in the journey, wives continued on, driving the wagon and learning to repair axles and other wagon parts.

A. Women insisted that they, too, had a right to mine the gold. Women knew that the chance of gaining equal access to mining was remote, and they made a better living by providing services.

B. Miners took out their frustrations over empty claims on their wives and families. The vast majority of gold seekers came without wives or families.

*C. The huge gender imbalance created a large demand by men for domestic services. The gold rush led to conflicts over gender roles as thousands of male migrants demanded food, shelter, laundry, and medical care. Some women earned a good living this way, but others faced heightened forms of exploitation, especially if they were Indian, Mexican, or Chinese.

D. Anglo women became increasingly jealous of Mexican and Indian women. Gender conflicts in California during the gold rush had little to do with the resentment of Anglo-American women toward Mexican or Indian women.

*A. They wanted to keep the state's population white Some California political leaders opposed slavery on principle, but others wanted to "save" the state for whites by outlawing slavery, discouraging free blacks from migrating to the state, and restricting the rights of American Indian, Mexican, and Chinese residents.

B. It was clear that the state would have little use for slaves. Advocates of slavery in California did not think that the state lacked opportunities for slave labor.

C. The state had few blacks or other minorities who could have been enslaved. As early as 1849, the state had a diverse group of minorities, including Mexican, Chinese, Indian, and African American people.

D. California leaders hoped it would make for quicker admission as a state. California leaders did not think that application as a free state would speed up its admission.

The following resolutions were submitted, as a platform for vigilant action in the trial hour:--

Resolved, That the Fugitive Slave Bill, recently adopted by the United States Congress, puts in imminent jeopardy the lives and liberties of ourselves and our children; it deprives us of trial by jury, when seized by the infernal slave-catcher, and by high penalties forbids the assistance of those who would otherwise obey their heart-promptings in our behalf; in making it obligatory upon marshals to become bloodhounds in pursuit of human prey; leaving us no alternative . . . but to be prepared in the emergency for self-defense; therefore, assured that God has no attribute which can take sides with oppressors, we have counted the cost, and as we prefer liberty to life, we mutually pledge to defend ourselves and each other in resisting this God-defying and inhuman law, at any and every sacrifice, invoking Heaven's defense of the right."

According to William C. Nell, how should citizens of Boston respond to the Fugitive Slave Law (1850)?

A. Elect a new congressman Nell does not call for electing a new congressman. That he calls the law recently passed by Congress "infamous" suggests he has little confidence in the institution.

*B. Defy the law Nell reports that the meeting called for defiance of the Fugitive Slave Law. "Safety was to be obtained only by an united and persevering resistance to this ungodly and anti-republican law," he reports the meeting's leader as saying.

C. Petition the president Nell says nothing about the meeting organizing a petition to the president.

D. File a lawsuit. Nell does not mention plans for a lawsuit against the Fugitive Slave Law.

[A]ssured that God has no attribute which can take sides with oppressors, we have counted the cost, and as we prefer liberty to life, we mutually pledge to defend ourselves and each other in resisting this God-defying and inhuman law, at any and every sacrifice, invoking Heaven's defense of the right.

Resolved, That . . . eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, and that they who would be free, themselves must strike the first blow."

According to William C. Nell, why is defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act (1850) justified?

A. Massachusetts had the power to nullify federal laws that the state did not support. Nell does not indicate that nullification of federal laws was discussed at the meeting.

B. The Supreme Court was expected to rule the law unconstitutional. Nell does not discuss the Supreme Court or any legal challenge to the law.

*C. A law that violated the law of God and the Constitution must not be obeyed. Nell reports that the law was called "ungodly" and "God-defying," that the people at the meeting were confident that their defying the law was supported by "Heaven's defense of the right.

D. Congress had not followed the proper procedure when passing the law. Although Nell says that Congress was called "infamous," he does not indicate that a lack of proper procedure was a problem.

NELL: "The Chairman [Lewis Hayden] announced, as a prominent feature in calling the present meeting—Congress having passed the infamous Fugitive Slave Bill—the adoption of ways and means for the protection of those in Boston liable to be seized by the prowling man-thief. He said that safety was to be obtained only by an united and persevering resistance of this ungodly, anti-republican law. . . .

Resolved, That . . . eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, and that they who would be free, themselves must strike the first blow.

FILLMORE: "Now, therefore, to the end that the authority of the laws may be maintained and those concerned in violating them brought to immediate and condign punishment, I have issued this my proclamation, calling on all well-disposed citizens to rally to the support of the laws of their country, and requiring and commanding all officers, civil and military, and all other persons, civil or military, who shall be found within the vicinity of this outrage, to be aiding and assisting by all means in their power in quelling this and other such combinations and assisting the marshal and his deputies.

What do the report of William C. Nell and the proclamation of President Millard Fillmore have in common?

A. Both condemn slavery but ask people to obey the law. Nell says the meeting he attended condemned slavery and called on people to resist the law; Fillmore says nothing about the morality of slavery but does call for the law to be enforced.

B. Both call for resistance to slavery by any means available. Fillmore condemns resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act; Nell's meeting does not discuss whether there are limits to their resistance.

C. Both ask for calm until the Supreme Court can address the law. Although Fillmore would like people to calm down and assist officials in enforcing the law, Nell reports that the people at his meeting are angry and will not back down.

*D. Both appeal to the general public to support their position. Both Fillmore and the meeting Nell attended couch their arguments as appeals to the public to do their duty as citizens, but while Fillmore calls on citizens to assist in enforcing a law, Nell's meeting condemns the law as unjust and counts on people to resist its cruelty.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Whereas information has been received that sundry lawless persons, principally persons of color, combined and confederated together for the purpose of opposing by force the execution of the laws of the United States, did, at Boston, in Massachusetts, on the 15th of this month, make a violent assault on the marshal or deputy marshals of the United States for the district of Massachusetts, in the court-house, and did overcome the said officers, and did by force rescue from their custody a person arrested as a fugitive slave, and then and there a prisoner lawfully holden by the said marshal or deputy marshals of the United States, and other scandalous outrages did commit in violation of law:

. . . The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more. . . . In 1790 we had less than eight hundred thousand slaves. Under our mild and humane administration of the system they have increased above four millions. The country has expanded to meet this growing want, and Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri have received this increasing tide of African labor; before the end of this century, at precisely the same rate of increase, the Africans among us in a subordinate condition will amount to eleven millions of persons. What shall be done with them? We must expand or perish. . . . The North understand it better—they have told us for twenty years that their object was to pen up slavery within its present limits—surround it with a border of free States, and like the scorpion surrounded with fire, they will make it sting itself to death."

According to Robert Toombs, what has brought about secession?

*A. Northern states have treated the South unfairly in the debate over slavery in the western territories. Toombs blamed the North for giving the South no choice but to secede. He particularly cited the debate over slavery in the territories. "The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more," he wrote.

B. Under northern dominance, slavery has dwindled and is quickly becoming unsustainable. On the contrary, Toombs cited the growth of slavery as a positive for the South.

C. The North has enacted unjust laws, which the southern states have the right to nullify. Although northern political supremacy, as seen in the election of Abraham Lincoln, was a concern for secessionists, Toombs did not discuss it.

D. Adding several new states has made the South powerful enough that it can be its own country. Toombs points to the admission of several new southern states but does not argue that those states mean the South can be its own country.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more. . . . In 1790 we had less than eight hundred thousand slaves. Under our mild and humane administration of the system they have increased above four millions. The country has expanded to meet this growing want, and Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri have received this increasing tide of African labor; before the end of this century, at precisely the same rate of increase, the Africans among us in a subordinate condition will amount to eleven millions of persons. What shall be done with them? We must expand or perish."

What emotion did Robert Toombs appeal to in making his argument in favor of secession?

A. Vengeance Toombs did not call for vengeance.

B. Pride Toombs did not appeal to the reader's pride.

*C. Pity Toombs invited the reader to feel sorry for the South—sorry that the North had oppressed them, sorry that their slave population had grown so large there is no place for them to live, sorry that they were, according to Toombs, forced to secede.

D. Anger Toombs did not appear particularly angry, nor did he invite an angry response.

*A. In areas still in Confederate hands On January 1, 1863, Lincoln signed the final edict, proclaiming that slaves in areas still in rebellion were "forever free" and inviting them to enlist in the Union army. In many ways, the proclamation was a conservative document, applying only to slaves largely beyond the reach of federal power. Its provisions exempted from emancipation the 450,000 slaves in the loyal border states; 275,000 slaves in Union-occupied Tennessee; and tens of thousands more in Louisiana and Virginia.

B. In the United States The Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery across the United States.

C. In the Union, including the border states Slavery continued to exist in the border states after the Emancipation Proclamation.

D. In parts of the South under Union control The Emancipation Proclamation did not free slaves in those parts of Tennessee, Louisiana, or Virginia that were in Union hands.

*A. petition for full emancipation. The women's suffrage and abolition movements overlapped considerably, and Stanton, Anthony, and Stone formed a new organization to demand that the Union bring about full emancipation for slaves.

B. demand women serve in combat. Stanton, Anthony, and Stone did not advocate women serving in combat.

C. coordinate nursing care for soldiers. Although many women did serve as nurses during the war, Stanton, Anthony, and Stone did not address the need for medical care with their organization.

D. call for women's suffrage. Although Stanton, Anthony, and Stone advocated for women's suffrage, that was not the purpose of the Women's National Loyal League.

A. It helped the South offset the defeat at Gettysburg. The southern defeat at Vicksburg was, like the loss at Gettysburg, a terrible blow against the South.

B. It meant the Confederate loss of a major manufacturing center. Vicksburg was not a major manufacturing center.

*C. It helped the Union gain full control of the Mississippi River. Combined with a victory five days later at Port Hudson, Louisiana, the victory at Vicksburg gave the Union army control of the entire Mississippi valley, the richest plantation region in the South, and effectively cut off the Confederacy from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, ensuring Union control of the West.

D. It helped ensure Abraham Lincoln's reelection. William Tecumseh Sherman's capture of Atlanta had that effect, not Grant's capture of Vicksburg.

A. Sherman led his men to the sea so they could get picked up by the navy. Sherman did not march his troops to the coast to obtain transportation from the navy.

*B. Union soldiers in Sherman's army refused to take fugitive slaves along. Nearly 18,000 enslaved men, women, and children left the ruined plantations to join Sherman's victorious troops. But the soldiers refused to take them along, and some Union soldiers even abused African American men, raped black women, or stole their few possessions.

C. Sherman's men suffered badly from hunger and disease on the march. While some Union troops undoubtedly suffered from hunger and disease, by and large the army fared well by living off the land, taking what food it needed from farms.

D. Union soldiers took care not to destroy civilian property on their way to Savannah. On the march from Atlanta to the coast, Sherman's troops cut a path of destruction 50 miles wide that destroyed crops, livestock, and homes.

"The fire raged fearfully all night, but on Saturday perfect quiet reigned. The vile Yankees took from us clothing, food, jewels, all our cows, horses, carriages, etc., and left us in a deplorable condition after stealing from us. Sherman, with great generosity, presented the citizens with 500 cattle, so poor they could hardly stand up. No words of mine can give any idea of the brutality of the ruffians. They swore, they cussed, plundered, and committed every excess. No age or sex was safe from them. Sometimes, after saving some valueless token, it was ruthlessly snatched from our hands by some of their horde. Our noble women were insulted by words, and some, I have heard of, in deeds, but none came under my knowledge, for I myself, God be praised, I received no rude word from any of them. I did not speak . . . to them at all. The fire burned eighty-four squares, and nothing can tell the quantity of plunder they carried off as on Monday they left us, and though we feared starvation, yet we were glad to be rid of them."

From her diary account of the Union army's march through Columbia, South Carolina, how did Eleanor Cohen Seixas feel about General William Sherman's presence in her hometown?

A. She was happy the war was coming to an end because of his efforts. Although Sherman's March to the Sea was instrumental in bringing the war to an end, Seixas is not happy about it.

*B. She hated him for destroying the city and ruining her way of life. Seixas is angry. She recounts the outrageous behavior of the Union troops and laments the loss of her way of life. The soldiers "left us in a deplorable condition after stealing from us," she writes.

C. Though angry, she was grateful he provided food for the city's inhabitants. Seixas is sarcastic when mentioning the food Sherman provided, writing "Sherman, with great generosity, presented the citizens with 500 cattle, so poor they could hardly stand up."

D. An opponent of slavery, she was pleased to see that slaves would be freed. Seixas and her family owned slaves. She says nothing to indicate she opposed the institution or favored emancipation.

A. They passed laws barring blacks from entering their states. Ohio, California, and Illinois did not bar blacks from entering their states in response to the emancipation of slaves.

*B. They repealed statutes that barred blacks from testifying in court. Ohio, California, and Illinois repealed statutes barring blacks from testifying in court and serving on juries. With similar sentiments, San Francisco, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and New York City desegregated their streetcars. And in May 1865, Massachusetts passed the first comprehensive public accommodations law and history, ensuring racial equality in social spaces.

C. They segregated all public transportation facilities. These states did not segregate their public transportation facilities in response to the emancipation of slaves.

D. They granted African Americans the right to vote. Although Ohio, California, and Illinois passed laws that made them less hostile to African Americans, they did not grant African Americans the right to vote.

A. Punishing their masters While a few freedpeople might have felt this motivation, it was not widespread.

B. Getting out of the South Though many freedpeople ended up leaving the South, this was not the first priority for most of them.

*C. Reuniting with family members The first priority for African Americans in the South after the Civil War was to reunite their families. Men and women traveled across the South to find spouses, children, parents, siblings, aunts, and uncles. Well into the 1870s and 1880s, parents ran advertisements in newly established black newspapers, providing what information they knew about their children's whereabouts and asking for assistance in finding them.

D. Getting back to work Freedpeople were willing to get back to work, but their first priority after the war was something else.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contract made the 3rd day of January in the year 1870 between us the free people who have signed this paper of one part, and our employer, Willis P. Bocock, of the other part. . . . We are to furnish the necessary labor . . . and are to have all proper work done, ditching, fencing, repairing, etc., as well as cultivating and saving the crops of all kinds, so as to put and keep the land we occupy and tend in good order for cropping, and to make a good crop ourselves; and to do our fair share of job work about the place. . . . We are to be responsible for the good conduct of ourselves, our hands, and families, and agree that all shall be respectful to employer, owners, and manager, honest, industrious, and careful about every thing . . . and then our employer agrees that he and his manager shall treat us kindly, and help us to study our interest and do our duty. If any hand or family proves to be of bad character, or dishonest, or lazy, or disobedient, or any way unsuitable our employer or manager has the right, and we have the right, to have such turned off. . . ."

For the labor and services of ourselves and hands rendered as above stated, we are to have one third part of all the crops, or their net-proceeds, made and secured, or prepared for market by our force.

We are to be furnished by our employer through his manager with provisions if we call for them . . . to be charged to us at fair market prices.

And whatever may be due by us, or our hands to our employer for provisions or any thing else, during the year, is to be a lien on our share of the crops, and is to be retained by him out of the same before we receive our part."

According to the sharecropping agreement, where will freedmen obtain the supplies needed for farming?

A. Make the supplies themselves in their free time The freedmen are not expected to make the supplies themselves.

B. Buy the supplies at a store close to the farm The contract does not envision the sharecroppers buying their supplies at a store.

C. Obtain the supplies from the Freedmen's Bureau The Freedmen's Bureau is not discussed.

*D. Buy the supplies on credit from the landowner The contract specifies that supplies will be obtained from the landowner with the cost attached as a lien on the proceeds of the crops produced. In other words, the sharecroppers are borrowing the money to buy supplies with the expectation that the owner will have a legal right to a portion of the crop to pay him back at harvest time.

What was the significance of Ethan Allen William Prendergast and their followers quizlet?

U.S. History

Ways of the World: A Global History

America's History for the AP Course

America's History for the AP Course

zusammenhängende Posts

What was the significance of the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman act?

What is the new product strategy development stage in the new product development process?

What is the significance of functional areas of management in every organization or company?

What statistical analysis is used to analyze data from experimental designs that involve more than two conditions levels?

Which of the following factors was most likely of greatest significance in causing an exacerbation of ulcerative colitis?

What is the significance of Undrip in the recognition of the welfare of Indigenous Peoples?

How does the significance of the study help in presenting a clear picture of your research?

Toplist

Neuester Beitrag

Stichworte