People often have multiple motives for engaging in any one behavior. Motivation might be extrinsic, whereby a person is inspired by outside forces—other people or rewards. Motivation can also be intrinsic, whereby the inspiration comes from within—the desire to improve at a certain activity. Intrinsic motivation tends to push people more forcefully, and the accomplishments are more fulfilling.
One framework used for understanding motivation is the hierarchy of needs proposed by American psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. According to Maslow, humans are inherently motivated to better themselves and move toward expressing their full potential—self-actualization—by progressively encountering and satisfying several levels of need from the most fundamental, such as for food and safety, to higher-order needs for love, belonging, and self-esteem.
Eventually, Maslow extended the theory to include a need for self-transcendence: People reach the pinnacle of growth and find the highest meaning in life by attending to things beyond the self. Although the universality of Maslow's theory has been challenged, many believe it captures fundamental truths about human motivation.
| authoritarian parents | controlling, punitive, rigid, cold, value strict obedience |
| children of authoritarian parents | tend to be withdrawn, not very friends, boys are usually hostile girls dependent on parents |
| permissive parents | provide lax and inconsistent feedback require little of their children, practice little or not limists or control on their children's behavior |
| children of permissive parents | tend to be dependent and moody low in social skills and self-control |
| more on authoritative parents | firm, set clear and consistent limits, encourage children to be independent, lvoing and emotionall supportive, provide explanations why things are right and wrong along with consequences |
| children of authoritative parents | generally independent, friendly with peers, cooperative, movtivation to achieve, successful and likeable |
| uninvolved parents | virtually no interest in children, detached emotionally, can be almost neglectful only feel they have to simply feed, clothe and provide shelter for their children |
| children of uninvolved parents | worst off, parent uninvolvement disrupts their emotional development, feel unloved and emotionally detached which ipedes cognitive and physical development too |
| agression and violence | agression in preschoolers is common |
| *extreme and sustained aggression is cause for concern | x |
| amount of aggression declines as they move through preschool years | x |
| emotional self regulation | the capacity to adjust emotions to a desired state and intensity |
| when do children start talking about their feelings | age 2 |
| instrumental aggression | aggresion motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal |
| relational aggression | nonphysical aggression that intends to hurt another person's feelings |
| boys usually more than girls with | instrumental aggression |
| girls more than boys with | relational aggression |
| Freud believes aggression is movitaged by? | sexual aggressive instincts |
| some suggest aggression is instinctual | x |
| what percent of tv for kids has violence | 69% |
| 57% of other programs contain violence | x |
| evidence does show that tv voilence does lead to more aggression | x |
| longitudinal study | children's preference for violent tv at age 8 was realted to serious criminal convitions by the age of 30 |
| Kenneth Dodge | some children are more prone than others to assume that actions are aggressively motivated |
| what is the key to understanding moral development | examine preschoolers interpretation of others' behavior and of the environmental context in which a behavior occurs |
| high in reactive aggression | often see hostle intent where it does not exist and make unprovoked attacks |
| high in proactive aggression | believe there is more benefit to aggession than costs |
| cognitive approach | fails to explain why inaccurate perceptions are responded to with violence.... |
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