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Match these prefixes and suffixes to their meanings.
Match these vocabulary terms to their meanings.
Why would smooth muscle associated with lung bronchioles dilate while smooth muscle associated with arterial walls constricts when stimulated by norepinephrine neurotransmitter?
different body systems
different target organs
different receptor types
different
smooth muscle
different receptor types
Nasal decongestants phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine act to shrink dilated blood vessels in the nasal passages to relieve congestion. They are called sympathomimetics because they act similar to sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Which of the following would be an undesirable side effect associated with their use?
muscle aches
arm
numbness
nervousness
drowsiness
nervousness
Label the structural organization of the nervous system
Which pathway(s) compose the autonomic nervous system?
A only
B only
C only
B and C
B and C
Assume that the triangular and circular molecules shown in the illustration represent specific neurotransmitters. Which of the following best describes the effect on the heart of neurotransmitters released from the postganglionic neurons of B and C?
B would increase heart rate, while C would decrease it.
B and C would act in synergy to decrease heart rate and contraction force.
C would increase heart rate, while B would decrease it.
B and C would act in synergy to increase heart rate and contraction force.
B would increase heart rate, while C would decrease it.
The circular structures shown within pathways B and C represent which of the following?
rami
ganglia
tracts
nuclei
ganglia
Which of the following releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?
terminus of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron
terminus of a parasympathetic postganglionic neuron
terminus of a somatic motor neuron
terminus of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron
terminus of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron
The synapse in pathway B has several possible locations. Which of the following is NOT a possible location?
the sympathetic chain
the spinal cord
the adrenal medulla
collateral ganglia
the spinal cord
Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar?
Both systems share common effectors.
Both systems elicit the same target organ responses to their neurotransmitters.
Both systems share common efferent pathways.
Both systems have ganglia in their motor pathways.
None of the listed responses is correct.
None of the listed responses is correct
Concept Map: Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
All somatic motor neurons produce __________.
only acetylcholine
both epinephrine and norepinephrine
only norepinephrine
both acetylcholine and norepinephrine
only acetylcholine
Autonomic motor neurons __________.
innervate
skeletal muscle
utilize a two-neuron chain to reach their effectors
release only acetylcholine
are typically heavily myelinated
utilize a two-neuron chain to reach their effectors
Autonomic nerve fibers that increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, induce dry mouth, and increase sweating do so primarily through the secretion of __________.
both acetylcholine and epinephrine
only
epinephrine
only acetylcholine
norepinephrine
norepinephrine
Myelination tends to be heaviest on which types of neurons?
parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
somatic motor neurons
sympathetic preganglionic neurons
somatic motor neurons
Where are ganglia of the parasympathetic division located?
in chains on either side the spinal column
within or near effector organs
within the medullas of endocrine glands
near major arteries just as they exit the aorta
within or near effector organs
Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS?
cranial and sacral
thoracic and lumbar
cranial only
cervical and lumbar
thoracic and lumbar
Which organ receives major input from the sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, division?
bladder
salivary glands
skin
heart
skin
Which of the letters in the figure indicates the vagus nerve?
A
B
C
D
A
Which of the following statements is true of the group of fibers indicated by the letter D?
D indicates fibers that mediate the long-lasting effects of the parasympathetic division.
D indicates fibers that stimulate the release of acetylcholine into the blood stream from the adrenal gland.
D indicates fibers that bypass collateral ganglia and terminate within the adrenal gland.
All the listed statements regarding the fibers at D are correct.
D indicates fibers that bypass collateral ganglia and terminate within the adrenal gland
Which of the following is not an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function?
increasing heart rate
skeletal muscle reflex
emptying the bladder
gland secretion
skeletal muscle reflex
Which of the following is not associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
energy conservation
resting
emergency action
digesting
emergency action
Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation?
fight-or-flight responses
sweating and dilating pupils
vigorous physical activity
resting and digesting
resting and digesting
Concept Map: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Responses
What do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions have in common?
Most nerve fibers from both divisions innervate many of the same effectors.
Most nerve fibers from both divisions share the same sites of origin.
The preganglionic nerve fibers in both divisions are of similar length.
The ganglia from both divisions are located in or near visceral organs.
Most nerve fibers from both divisions innervate many of the same effectors.
Most preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system arise from which nerve pair?
splanchnic
oculomotor
vagus
glossopharyngeal
vagus
A normal response to sympathetic nervous system activation would most likely include the __________.
constriction
of bronchioles
increased uptake of glucose from the blood
inhibition of digestive system activity
decrease in heart rate
inhibition of digestive system activity
Which structure or organ is innervated exclusively by sympathetic fibers?
heart
iris
arrector pili muscles
gallbladder
arrector pili muscles
Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons?
somatic motor
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatic sensory
parasympathetic
Which description is NOT consistent with the sympathetic division?
ganglia close to the spinal cord
most innervation from the vagus nerve
thoracolumbar
long postganglionic fibers
most innervation from the vagus nerve
...
What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?
a two-neuron motor pathway
presence of a sensory receptor
an integration center
a single sensory neuron in the sensory pathway
a two-neuron motor pathway
Which of the following is an effect of norepinephrine binding to beta 2 adrenergic receptors?
an increase in heart rate
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
lipolysis
vasodilation
You are designing a drug to reduce heart rate. Which receptor would you target that gives an inhibitory effect on the heart?
α1 adrenergic receptors
muscarinic receptors
β1 adrenergic receptors
nicotinic receptors
muscarinic receptors
Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system?
salivary glands
cellular metabolism
gallbladder
lungs
cellular metabolism
Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
hypothalamus
brain
stem
frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
reticular formation
hypothalamus