the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
the processing of information into the memory system *by extracting meaning)
the retention of encoded information over time
to bring back from memory
The first of three memory stages, preserving brief memory for a couple of seconds
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
short-term storage of information being actively processed
unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information such as word meanings.
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Deliberate effort to retain material in short term memor. Keeps info active in short-term memory. Helps transfer info to long-term memory
we retain information better when we rehearse over time
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
the encoding of picture images
the encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
mental pictures/ a powerful aid to effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
A fast-decaying store of visual information.
A fast-decaying store of auditory information.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be neural basis for learning and memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
retention independent of conscious recollection
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
false sense that you have already experienced a current situation
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
incorporation misleading information into one's memory of an event
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
encoding | the first step in memory; information is translated into some form that enables it to enter our memory system |
storage | the process by which encoded information is maintained over time |
retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
short-term memory | activated memory, which can hold about seven items for a short time |
long-term memory | relatively permanent and unlimited capacity memory system into which information from short-term memory may pass; it includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
working memory | the newer way of conceptualizing short-term memory as a work site for the active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
automatic processing | refers to our unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learned information |
effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
rehearsal | the conscious, effortful reptition of information that you are trying either to maintain in consciousness or to encode for storage |
spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed study or practice |
serial position effect | the tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be more easily retained than those in the middle |
visual encoding | the use of picture images to process information into memory |
acoustic encoding | the processing of information into memory according to its sound |
semantic encoding | the processing of information into memory according to its meaning |
imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |
mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
long-term potentiation | an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
amnesia | the loss of memory |
implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” |
hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage |
recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
relearning | a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
déjà vu | that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood |
proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event |
source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |